طوفان‌ها: یک راهنمای مرجع (مسائل معاصر جهانی)

In September 1776 the so-called "Hurricane of Independence" hit Canada and the northeastern United States, leading to 4,170 deaths. In 1900 around 8,000 perished in the Galveston Hurricane and the resulting tidal surge. Coastal defenses, early warning systems, and evacuation procedures have improved enormously. However, hurricanes still pose a potentially devastating threat to life and property, especially in coastal regions of the United States and the Caribbean. What causes these extreme storms? How can we best defend ourselves? **Hurricanes: A Reference Handbook explores the historical, ecological, economic, and social dimensions of hurricanes in North America. Synthesizing literature from a wide range of authoritative sources, this book is an invaluable guide to hurricanes and their impact and is essential reading for students, scientists, mariners, and coastal residents alike.** This Book Covers A Wide Area Of The Atmospheric Science, Focusing Particularly On Those Physical And Dynamical Aspects Of Our Environment Which Tend To Create Heat Sources And Sinks In The Earth-atmosphere System And Which It Seeks To Balance Through Circulation At Different Time And Space Scales. The Processes Of Heat Transfer In The Atmosphere And Ocean By General Circulation And By Waves And Oscillations Are Discussed In Detail. The Heat Balance Of The Atmosphere Is Considered, After Taking Into Consideration The Role Of Various Types Of Greenhouse Gases That May Be Present. In This Context, The Publication Of The Book Will Be Very Timely And Will Be Welcomed By All Those Interested In Knowing More About Our Atmosphere And The Way It Works, Especially With Regard To The Contentious Issue Of Global Warming By Greenhouse Gases Released By Human Activities On Earth. Starting With The Origin, Composition And Structure Of The Atmosphere, The Physics Part Deals With The Laws Of Heat And Thermodynamics Of Dry And Moist Air, Water Vapor And Its Transformation Into Different Phases And Formation Of Cloud And Rain Under Different Stability Conditions, Solar And Terrestrial Radiation And Their Impact On The Gaseous Envelope In Different Layers Of The Atmosphere Which Create Sources And Sinks In Different Parts Of The Atmosphere Especially In Its Boundary Layers. The Dynamics Part Highlights The Various Types Of Motion Systems Including The General Circulation Of Waves And Oscillations Which Create The Heat Balance In The Earth-atmosphere System. The Sun And The Earth : The Solar System And The Earth's Gravitation -- The Earth's Atmosphere : Its Origin, Composition And Properties -- Heat And Thermodynamics Of The Atmosphere -- Water Vapour In The Atmosphere: Thermodynamics Of Moist Air -- Physics Of Cloud And Precipitation -- Physics Of Radiation : Fundamental Laws -- The Sun And Its Radiation -- The Incoming Solar Radiation : Interaction With The Earth's Atmosphere And Surface -- Heat Balance Of The Earth's Surface : Upward And Downward Transfer Of Heat -- Heat Balance Of The Earth-atmosphere System : Heat Sources And Sinks -- Winds On A Rotating Earth : The Dynamical Equations And The Conservation Laws -- Simplified Equations Of Motion : Quasi-balanced Winds -- Circulation, Vorticity And Divergence -- The Boundary Layers Of The Atmosphere And The Ocean -- Waves And Oscillations In The Atmosphere And Ocean -- Equatorial Waves And Oscillations -- Dynamical Models And Numerical Weather Prediction. (n.w.p.) -- Dynamical Instability Of Atmospheric Flows : Energetics And Energy Conversions -- The General Circulation Of The Atmosphere. Kshudiram Saha. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 353-358) And Index. From killer storms to their implications for the insurance premiums of U.S. residents, this much-awaited update explores the ecological, social, and economic consequences of hurricanes and their effects on both coastal and inland areas.In September 1776 the so-called'Hurricane of Independence'hit Canada and the northeastern United States, leading to 4,170 deaths. In 1900 around 8,000 perished in the Galveston Hurricane and the resulting tidal surge. Coastal defenses, early warning systems, and evacuation procedures have improved enormously. However, hurricanes still pose a potentially devastating threat to life and property, especially in coastal regions of the United States and the Caribbean. What causes these extreme storms? How can we best defend ourselves?Hurricanes: A Reference Handbook explores the historical, ecological, economic, and social dimensions of hurricanes in North America. Synthesizing literature from a wide range of authoritative sources, this book is an invaluable guide to hurricanes and their impact and is essential reading for students, scientists, mariners, and coastal residents alike. The author has sought to incorporate in the book some of the fundamental concepts and principles of the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere, a knowledge and understanding of which should help an average student of science to comprehend some of the great complexities of the earth-atmosphere system, in which a thr- way interaction between the atmosphere, the land and the ocean tends to maintain an overall mass and energy balance in the system through physical and dynamical processes. The book, divided into two parts and consisting of 19 chapters, introduces only those aspects of the subject that, according to the author, are deemed essential to meet the objective in view. The emphasis is more on clarity and understanding of physical and dynamical principles than on details of complex theories and ma- ematics. Attempt is made to treat each subject from ?rst principles and trace its development to present state, as far as possible. However, a knowledge of basic c- culus and differential equations is sine qua non especially for some of the chapters which appear later in the book. In September 1776 the so-called iHurricane of Independencei hit Canada and the northeastern United States, leading to 4,170 deaths. In 1900 around 8,000 perished in the Galveston Hurricane and the resulting tidal surge. Coastal defenses, early warning systems, and evacuation procedures have improved enormously. However, hurricanes still pose a potentially devastating threat to life and property, especially in coastal regions of the United States and the Caribbean. What causes these extreme storms? How can we best defend ourselves?Hurricanes: A Reference Handbook explores the historical, ecological, economic, and social dimensions of hurricanes in North America. Synthesizing literature from a wide range of authoritative sources, this book is an invaluable guide to hurricanes and their impact and is essential reading for students, scientists, mariners, and coastal residents alike. This Book Presents A Simple Scientific Explanation Of How And Why Of These Events, As Well As Case Studies And The Prevention And Warning Systems That Have Been Created Mankind. Background On Hurricanes -- Problems, Controversies, And Solutions: Hurricane Destruction, Forecasting, Global Warming Controversy, Mitigation, And Insurance Procedures -- Worldwide Perspective -- Chronology -- Biographical Sketches -- Data, Opinions And Letters -- Directory Of Organizations -- Print, Nonprint, And Internet Resources. Patrick J. Fitzpatrick. Rev. Ed. Of: Natural Disasters, Hurricanes. C1999. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 379-401) And Index. cover......Page 1 Preliminaries......Page 2 Contents......Page 8 1 Background on Hurricanes......Page 22 2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions......Page 46 3 Worldwide Perspective......Page 104 4 Chronology......Page 126 5 Biographical Sketches......Page 214 6 Data, Opinions, and Letters......Page 252 7 Directory of Organizations......Page 280 8 Print, Nonprint, and Internet Resources......Page 318 Epilogue......Page 356 Glossary......Page 360 References......Page 400 Index......Page 424 From killer storms to their implications for the insurance premiums of US residents, this update of the first edition explores the ecological, social, and economic consequences of hurricanes and their effects on both coastal and inland areas