Hunted By The Bratva Beast

This book is designed to enable non-native English speakers to write science research for publication in English. It can also be used by English speakers and is a practical, user-friendly book intended as a fast, do-it-yourself guide for those whose English language proficiency is above intermediate. The approach is based on material developed from teaching graduate students at Imperial College London and has been extensively piloted. The book guides the reader through the process of writing science research and will also help with writing a Master's or Doctoral thesis in English. Science writing is much easier than it looks because the structure and language are conventional. The aim of this book is to help the reader discover a template or model for science research writing and then to provide the grammar and vocabulary tools needed to operate that model. There are five units: Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion/Conclusion, and Abstract. The reader develops a model for each section of the research article through sample texts and exercises; this is followed by a Grammar and Writing Skills section designed to respond to frequently asked questions as well as a Vocabulary list including examples of how the words and phrases are to be used. Contents Acknowledgements Preface to the Second Edition Introduction Planning: The Underlying Narrative Scaffold Writing: The Active Narrative Wrap Unit 1: How to Write the Introduction 1.1. The Structure and Content of the Introduction 1.2. Building a Model 1.2.1 EXERCISE 1: How to build a simple model by reverse engineering 1.2.2 Key 1.2.3 The Introduction model 1.3. Testing and Adjusting the Model 1.3.1 A demonstration of the model 1.3.2 EXERCISE 2a: Identifying the model components 1.3.3 EXERCISE 2b: Identifying the model components 1.4. Useful Words and Phrases 1.4.1 Language task 1.4.2 Language for the Introduction 1.5. Language and Writing Skills 1.5.1 Verb tense choices 1.5.2 Linking sentences and information together 1.5.3 Passive/Active choices 1.5.4 Paragraphing 1.6. Writing the Introduction 1.6.1 Write the Introduction 1.6.2 Key Unit 2: How to Write about Methods 2.1. The Structure and Content of the Methods Section 2.2. Building a Model 2.2.1 EXERCISE 1: How to build a simple model 2.2.2 Key 2.2.3 A Methods model 2.3. Testing and Adjusting the Model 2.3.1 A demonstration of the model 2.3.2 EXERCISE 2a: Identifying the model components 2.3.3 EXERCISE 2b: Identifying the model components 2.4. Useful Words and Phrases 2.4.1 Language task 2.4.2 Language for the Methods section 2.5. Language and Writing Skills 2.5.1 Verb tense and the agentless passive 2.5.2 Prepositions 2.5.3 Using A/AN (indefinite article), Ø (zero article), and THE (definite article) 2.6. Writing a Methods Section 2.6.1 Write a Methods section 2.6.2 Key Unit 3: How to Write about Results 3.1. The Structure and Content of the Results 3.2. Building a Model 3.2.1 EXERCISE 1: Using target articles to build a model 3.2.2 Key 3.2.3 A Results model 3.3. Testing and Adjusting the Model 3.3.1 A demonstration of the model 3.3.2 EXERCISE 2: Identifying the model components 3.4. Useful Words and Phrases 3.4.1 Language task 3.4.2 Language for the Results section 3.5. Language and Writing Skills: The Certainty Continuum 3.5.1 Choose a verb that accurately reflects the causal relationships you are describing 3.5.2 Choose the appropriate verb tense 3.5.3 Adding risk-reducing language Unit 4: How to Write the Discussion 4.1. How to Write the Discussion 4.1.1 Wrapping the discussion in a narrative 4.2. Building Your Own Model 4.2.1 EXERCISE 1: Using your own target articles to build a Discussion model 4.2.2 Key 4.2.3 A Discussion model 4.3. Testing and Adjusting the Basic Generic Model 4.3.1 A demonstration of the model 4.3.2 EXERCISE 2: Identifying the model components 4.4. Useful Words and Phrases 4.4.1 Language task 4.4.2 Language for the Discussion section 4.5. Language and Writing Skills: Modal Verbs 4.5.1 Using modal verbs in research writing 4.5.2 Modal sentences exercise 4.6. Summary Discussion Exercise Unit 5: How to Write the Conclusion 5.1. Building a Model 5.2. Testing and Adjusting the Model 5.3. Useful Words and Phrases 5.4. Language and Writing Skills 5.4.1 Verb tense in the Conclusion 5.4.2 Owning your contribution Unit 6: Writing the Abstract 6.1. Guidelines for the Abstract 6.1.1 Clarity and coherence 6.2. Types of Abstract 6.2.1 Simple/Standard Abstracts 6.2.2 Structured Abstracts 6.2.3 Abstracts that include a Significance Statement and/or Highlights 6.2.4 Graphical Abstracts 6.3. A Generic Abstract Model 6.3.1 The model components 6.4. Language 6.5. Summary Abstract Exercise Unit 7: Writing the Title 7.1. Check Average Length 7.2. Using Acronyms 7.3. Compare the Title Keywords to the Keyword List 7.4. Check the Grammar of the Title 7.5. Map and Model the Structural Content of the Titles in Target Articles 7.6. Check that Expectations that the Title Suggests Are Fulfilled in the Paper Unit 8: Checklist and Tips 8.1. Organising the Information Planning The value of the study: Identifying achievement, contribution, and impact Creating subsections and their subtitles Ordering information Wrapping the information in a narrative Relevance: Make sure the reader knows why you are writing each sentence Assumptions Paragraphing 8.2. Creating Sentences Ordering the information in the sentence Sentence start-up Sentence length and density Signalling connectors 8.3. Grammar and Vocabulary Verb tense Owning your contribution: Passive use and impersonal/non-human grammatical subjects Indefinite and definite articles Prepositions Subject-verb agreement Reference Adverb location -ing ambiguity Avoid over-simple/weak verbs — they have too many possible meanings Vocabulary accuracy 8.4. General Ownership: Make sure the reader knows who is ‘speaking’ The certainty continuum and modal verbs Citations Self-edit lexical writing tics such as indeed/in fact/basically/clearly Self-edit punctuation-related writing tics such as parentheses, dash pairs, multiple commas Sources and Credits Appendix A: Prefixes Used in Science Writing Appendix B: Research Verbs Writing Skills Index Language Index "This book enables STEMM researchers to write effective papers for publication as well as other research-related texts such as a doctoral thesis, technical report, or conference abstract. Science Research Writing uses a reverse-engineering approach to writing developed from extensive work with STEMM researchers at Imperial College London. This approach unpacks current models of STEMM research writing and helps writers to generate the writing tools needed to operate those models effectively in their own field. The reverse-engineering approach also ensures that writers develop future-proof strategies that will evolve alongside the coming changes in research communication platforms. The Second Edition has been extensively revised and updated to represent current practice and focuses on the writing needs of both early-stage doctoral STEMM researchers and experienced professional researchers at the highest level, whether or not they are native speakers of English. The book retains the practical, user-friendly format of the First Edition, and now contains seven units that deal separately with the components of written STEMM research communication: Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Abstract and Title, as well as extensive FAQ responses and a new Checklist and Tips section. Each unit analyses extracts from recent published STEMM journal papers to enable researchers to discover not only what to write, but, crucially, how to write it. The global nature of science research requires fast, accurate communication of highly complex information that can be understood by all participants. Like the First Edition, the Second Edition is intended as a clear, do-it-yourself guide to make both the process and the product of STEMM research writing more effective"-- Provided by publisher Unit 1. : How to write an introduction. 1.1. Structure. 1.2. Grammar and writing skills. 1.3. Writing task : build a model. 1.4. Vocabulary. 1.5. Writing an introduction -- Unit 2. : Writing about methodology. 2.1. Structure. 2.2. Grammar and writing skills. 2.3. Writing task : build a model. 2.4. Vocabulary. 2.5. Writing a methodology section -- Unit 3. : Writing about results. 3.1. Structure. 3.2. Grammar and writing skills. 3.3. Writing task : build a model. 3.4. Vocabulary. 3.5. Writing a results section -- Unit 4. : Writing the discussion/conclusion. 4.1. Structure. 4.2. Grammar and writing skills. 4.3. Writing task : build a model. 4.4. Vocabulary. 4.5. Writing a discussion/conclusion -- Unit 5. : Writing the abstract. 5.1. Structure. 5.2. Grammar and writing skills. 5.3. Writing task : build a model. 5.4. Vocabulary. 5.5. Writing an abstract. 5.6. Creating a title