Humanitarianism, empire and transnationalism, 1760-1995 : selective humanity in the Anglophone world

Leading experts in Anglophone humanitarianism across some three hundred examine the relationship between humanitarianism, empire, postcolonialism, transnational and global human rights in and beyond the British World. -- . Front Matter 2 Half title page 2 Series page 3 Title page 4 Copyright page 5 Contents 6 Notes on contributors 8 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction: Selective humanity: Three centuries of Anglophone humanitarianism, empire and transnationalism 12 Part I: Transatlantic humanitarianism, 1760–1838 46 Chapter 1: Anthony Benezet: A Short History of Guineaand its impact on early British abolitionism 48 Benezet’s selective reading 49 Influence on early abolitionism 52 Benezet and Granville Sharp 55 Somerset and xenophobia 59 Concern about hybridity 62 Conclusion 64 Notes 65 Chapter 2: An incident at the Sun Tavern:Changing the discourse on Indigenousvisitors to Georgian Britain 71 Indigenous visitors before 1765 73 Two Mohawks at the Sun Tavern 77 Indigenous arrivals, 1765–1800 81 Indigenous people in Britain into the 1800s 83 Notes 87 Chapter 3: Humanity amidst calamity: Humanitariandiscourse in New South Wales, 1788–1830 93 Humanity in the colony 96 Mixed emotions 98 With or without feeling: the fluidity of humanity 100 Instilling and institutionalising humanity 103 Notes 107 Chapter 4: ‘Nor do they harbour vermin’:Material culture approaches toexploring humanitarian exchanges 110 Material culture analysis and the historiography of philanthropy 111 Charities’ minutes as a source 112 Atlantic world connections at New York Hospital 114 Beds and bedding, patient care and the work of caring 115 The Bible, speech and sound at New York Hospital 121 Conclusion 121 Notes 122 Chapter 5: The realpolitik of emancipation inthe British Empire, 1833–38 130 Emancipation in context 132 Defining emancipation 135 Emancipation and civil rights 142 Emancipation and colonisation 144 Conclusion 148 Notes 149 Part II: Humanitarianism and Indigenous peoples,1838–c. 1950 156 Chapter 6: Humanitarianism in a genocidal age: Thetragic story of the Aboriginal prison onRottnest Island, Western Australia, 1838–1903 158 Humanitarians: the first wave, 1832–49 159 What the prison became 168 The prison grows, 1855–83 172 Crisis at the prison, 1883–86 175 Conclusion 180 Notes 181 Chapter 7: From humanitarianism to humane governance:Aboriginal slavery and white Australia 190 Settler humanitarianism and Aboriginal slavery in multiracial Australia 191 Intimate indenture and state intervention 196 Conclusion 202 Notes 204 Chapter 8: Humanitarian priorities and WestAfrican agency in the British Empire 210 West African elites and the ‘model’ of imperial humanitarianism 211 Appeals to British imperial humanitarianism 214 Local humanitarian concerns 216 Mutual aid 219 Conclusion 222 Notes 223 Chapter 9: The origins of exemption: The individualexception in the discourse of humanitarianism 228 The individual exception 232 Humanitarian discourse in exemption policies 235 The legacy of exemption 240 Conclusion 241 Notes 241 Part III: A new international order, 1918–95 250 Chapter 10: Gender, personalities and the politicsof humanitarianism: Nursingleaders of the League of Red CrossSocieties between the wars 252 Appointment of Alice Fitzgerald, first Director of Nursing 255 Katherine Olmsted, second Director of Nursing 260 Maynard Carter, third Director of Nursing 264 Conclusion 267 Notes 269 Chapter 11: ‘Springs of love’: Sentiment andaffect in mid-twentieth-centurydevelopment volunteering 275 The rise of development volunteering 277 Empathy and optimism 282 Conclusion 288 Notes 289 Chapter 12: Humanitarian activism during the VietnamWar: The case of Rosemary Taylor,Elaine Moir and Margaret Moses 294 Rosemary Taylor, Elaine Moir and Margaret Moses 297 ‘Thief in the night’: humanitarian work in war 299 Contesting humanitarianism: advocacy and activism and their limits 305 Conclusion 311 Notes 311 Chapter 13: Humanitarianism in the age of humanrights: Amnesty International in Australia 316 Humanitarianism and human rights in postwar Australia 317 Amnesty and the challenge of Indigenous injustice 321 Conscription and the limits of conscience 324 Into the 1970s 328 Conclusion 330 Notes 331 Chapter 14: Palliation, poverty and child welfare: Humanrights and humanitarianism in the 1980s 338 Captivated by cruelties: the grim success ofthe Convention Against Torture 340 Growing the right to food: corporeal human rights in another key 344 The consensus of compassionate paternalism:reviving the rights of the child 347 Conclusions 351 Notes 352 Index 358 This is the first book to examine the shifting relationship between humanitarianism and the expansion, consolidation and postcolonial transformation of the Anglophone world across three centuries, from the antislavery campaign of the late eighteenth century to the role of NGOs balancing humanitarianism and human rights in the late twentieth century. Contributors explore the trade-offs between humane concern and the altered context of colonial and postcolonial realpolitik. They also showcase an array of methodologies and sources with which to explore the relationship between humanitarianism and colonialism. These range from the biography of material objects to interviews as well as more conventional archival enquiry. They also include work with and for Indigenous people whose family histories have been defined in large part by 'humanitarian' interventions