HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: ETHICAL, LEGAL AND POLITICAL DILEMMAS; ED. BY J.L. HOLZGREFE

The genocide in Rwanda showed us how terrible the consequences of inaction can be in the face of mass murder. But the conflict in Kosovo raised equally important questions about the consequences of action without international consensus and clear legal authority. On the one hand, is it legitimate for a regional organization to use force without a UN mandate? On the other, is it permissible to let gross and systematic violations of human rights, with grave humanitarian consequences continue unchecked? (United Nations Secretrary-General Kofi Annan). This book is a comprehensive, integrated discussion of `the dilemma' of humanitarian intervention. Written by leading analysts of international politics, ethics, and law, it seeks, among other things, to identify strategies that may, if not resolve, at least reduce the current tension between human rights and state sovereignty. Humanitarian Intervention is an invaluable contribution to the debate on all aspects of this vital global issue. J.L. Holzgrefe is a Visiting Research Scholar in the Department of Political Science, Duke University. He is a former Lecturer in International Relations at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, and visiting scholar at the Center of International Studies, Princeton University, the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, and elsewhere. He was educated at Monash University, Australia and Balliol College, Oxford. He has published on the history of international relations thought. Robert O. Keohane is James B. Duke Professor of Political Science, Duke University. He is interested in the role played by governance in world politics, and in particular on how international institutions and transnational networks operate. He is the author of After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, 1984), for which he was awarded the second annual Grawemeyer Award in 1989 for Ideas Improving World Order. He is also the author of International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Westview, 1989), co-author of Power and Independence: World Politics in Transition (Little, Brown, 1977; 3rd edition 2001), and co-author of Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton, 1994). He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been the recipient of a Guggenheim fellowship. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 9 Acknowledgments......Page 13 Introduction......Page 15 PART I The context for humanitarian intervention......Page 27 1 The humanitarian intervention debate......Page 29 The ethics of humanitarian intervention......Page 32 Utilitarianism......Page 34 Natural law......Page 39 Social contractarianism......Page 42 Communitarianism......Page 47 Legal positivism......Page 49 The legality of humanitarian intervention......Page 50 The Charter of the United Nations......Page 51 Human rights conventions......Page 57 Customary international law......Page 58 Conclusion......Page 63 Introduction: why the fuss?......Page 67 Initial challenges by states to the Charter restraints on the use of force......Page 73 Legal realism’s defense of humanitarian intervention......Page 75 The classicist defense of humanitarian intervention......Page 82 Collective interventions and the problem of abuse......Page 88 Humanitarian intervention after 9/11......Page 94 Conclusion......Page 100 PART II The ethics of humanitarian intervention......Page 105 Introduction......Page 107 The liberal argument......Page 110 The relativist objection......Page 114 The moral relevance of national borders: communal integrity......Page 116 The argument from international law......Page 122 The objection from global stability......Page 125 Acts, omissions, and the rights of the innocent......Page 128 The internal legitimacy of humanitarian intervention......Page 137 Concluding comment......Page 142 The deficiency of existing law......Page 144 Three different justifications for illegal interventions......Page 145 The sources of international law......Page 147 Progress through illegality: historical cases......Page 150 New treaty law – within or outside the UN system?......Page 152 Reform through the creation of a new customary rule of humanitarian intervention......Page 154 Two objections to conscientious law-breaking......Page 155 Fidelity to the ideal of the rule of law......Page 156 Substantive justice......Page 158 The legitimacy of the international legal system......Page 159 The rule of law as necessary for avoiding violent chaos......Page 161 Thesis (1)......Page 162 Thesis (2)......Page 163 Thesis (3)......Page 166 The charge of subjectivism......Page 168 Two views of moral authority......Page 169 The need for a moral theory of reform......Page 172 Guidelines for determining the moral justifiability of illegal acts of reform......Page 173 The rationale for the guidelines......Page 174 NATO intervention in Kosovo: a test case......Page 177 What sort of new norm of intervention?......Page 179 Taking the opinio juris condition seriously......Page 182 Reform through treaty that bypasses the UN......Page 184 Conclusions......Page 186 PART III Law and humanitarian intervention......Page 189 5 Changing the rules about rules? Unilateral humanitarian intervention and the future of international law......Page 191 Rules about rules......Page 193 International law and the Kosovo intervention......Page 195 Changing the rules about rules: treaty interpretation......Page 198 Changing the rules about rules: customary international law......Page 201 Exceptional legality?......Page 209 An alternative approach: exceptional illegality......Page 212 Conclusion......Page 215 6 Interpretation and change in the law of humanitarian intervention......Page 218 The Charter as law and law as change......Page 219 The lady or the tiger: managing impossible choices......Page 222 Necessity and mitigation as ways out of the conundrum......Page 226 Managing the conundrum in the context of the law of humanitarian intervention......Page 228 Humanitarian intervention in institutional practice......Page 230 When may a law be broken and who decides?......Page 241 7 Rethinking humanitarian intervention: the case for incremental change......Page 246 The Kosovo dilemma......Page 248 Implications for the future......Page 252 Four approaches to humanitarian intervention......Page 255 The incremental development of normative consensus......Page 259 The drawbacks of premature codification......Page 269 The difficulties of codification......Page 272 The value of discussions of criteria for incremental change......Page 275 Effectiveness: the missing factor......Page 281 Conclusion......Page 285 PART IV The politics of humanitarian intervention......Page 287 8 Political authority after intervention: gradations in sovereignty......Page 289 The problem: troubled societies after intervention......Page 292 Understanding sovereignty......Page 296 Unbundling sovereignty after intervention......Page 300 Intervention in good and bad neighborhoods......Page 306 Intervention in good neighborhoods......Page 307 Intervention in bad neighborhoods......Page 309 Conclusion......Page 311 9 State failure and nation-building......Page 313 Select english language bibliography......Page 336 Index......Page 350 Cover 1 Half-title 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Contributors 9 Acknowledgments 13 Introduction 15 PART I The context for humanitarian intervention 27 1 The humanitarian intervention debate 29 Definition of humanitarian intervention 32 The ethics of humanitarian intervention 32 Utilitarianism 34 Natural law 39 Social contractarianism 42 Communitarianism 47 Legal positivism 49 The legality of humanitarian intervention 50 International conventions 51 The Charter of the United Nations 51 Human rights conventions 57 Customary international law 58 Conclusion 63 2 Humanitarian intervention before and after 9/11: legality and legitimacy 67 Introduction: why the fuss? 67 Initial challenges by states to the Charter restraints on the use of force 73 Legal realism’s defense of humanitarian intervention 75 The classicist defense of humanitarian intervention 82 Collective interventions and the problem of abuse 88 Humanitarian intervention after 9/11 94 Conclusion 100 PART II The ethics of humanitarian intervention 105 3 The liberal case for humanitarian intervention 107 Introduction 107 The liberal argument 110 The relativist objection 114 The moral relevance of national borders: communal integrity 116 The argument from international law 122 The objection from global stability 125 Acts, omissions, and the rights of the innocent 128 The internal legitimacy of humanitarian intervention 137 Concluding comment 142 4 Reforming the international law of humanitarian intervention 144 The need for reform 144 The deficiency of existing law 144 Three different justifications for illegal interventions 145 Why illegal action may be necessary for international legal reform 147 The sources of international law 147 Progress through illegality: historical cases 150 The main alternatives for reforming the law of humanitarian intervention 152 New treaty law – within or outside the UN system? 152 Reform through the creation of a new customary rule of humanitarian intervention 154 Legal absolutism: the blanket condemnation of illegal acts 155 Two objections to conscientious law-breaking 155 The simple fidelity to law argument 156 Fidelity to the ideal of the rule of law 156 Substantive justice 158 The legitimacy of the international legal system 159 The rule of law as necessary for avoiding violent chaos 161 Respect for the state consent supernorm 162 Thesis (1) 162 Thesis (2) 163 Thesis (3) 166 Moral authority 168 The charge of subjectivism 168 Internalist moral criticism of the system 169 Two views of moral authority 169 Towards a theory of the morality of international legal reform 172 The need for a moral theory of reform 172 Guidelines for determining the moral justifiability of illegal acts of reform 173 The rationale for the guidelines 174 NATO intervention in Kosovo: a test case 177 What sort of new norm of intervention? 179 Taking the opinio juris condition seriously 182 Reform through treaty that bypasses the UN 184 Conclusions 186 PART III Law and humanitarian intervention 189 5 Changing the rules about rules? Unilateral humanitarian intervention and the future of international law 191 Rules about rules 193 International law and the Kosovo intervention 195 Changing the rules about rules: treaty interpretation 198 Changing the rules about rules: customary international law 201 Exceptional legality? 209 An alternative approach: exceptional illegality 212 Conclusion 215 6 Interpretation and change in the law of humanitarian intervention 218 The Charter as law and law as change 219 The lady or the tiger: managing impossible choices 222 Necessity and mitigation as ways out of the conundrum 226 Managing the conundrum in the context of the law of humanitarian intervention 228 Humanitarian intervention in institutional practice 230 When may a law be broken and who decides? 241 7 Rethinking humanitarian intervention: the case for incremental change 246 The Kosovo dilemma 248 Implications for the future 252 Four approaches to humanitarian intervention 255 The incremental development of normative consensus 259 The drawbacks of premature codification 269 The difficulties of codification 272 The value of discussions of criteria for incremental change 275 Effectiveness: the missing factor 281 Conclusion 285 PART IV The politics of humanitarian intervention 287 8 Political authority after intervention: gradations in sovereignty 289 The problem: troubled societies after intervention 292 Understanding sovereignty 296 Unbundling sovereignty after intervention 300 Intervention in good and bad neighborhoods 306 Intervention in good neighborhoods 307 Intervention in bad neighborhoods 309 Conclusion 311 9 State failure and nation-building 313 Select english language bibliography 336 Index 350

The genocide in Rwanda showed us how terrible the consequences of inaction can be in the face of mass murder. But the conflict in Kosovo raised equally important questions about the consequences of action without international consensus and clear legal authority. On the one hand, is it legitimate for a regional organization to use force without a UN mandate? On the other, is it permissible to let gross and systematic violations of human rights, with grave humanitarian consequences continue unchecked? (United Nations Secretrary-General Kofi Annan). This book is a comprehensive, integrated discussion of 'the dilemma' of humanitarian intervention. Written by leading analysts of international politics, ethics, and law, it seeks, among other things, to identify strategies that may, if not resolve, at least reduce the current tension between human rights and state sovereignty. Humanitarian Intervention is an invaluable contribution to the debate on all aspects of this vital global issue. J.L. Holzgrefe is a Visiting Research Scholar in the Department of Political Science, Duke University. He is a former Lecturer in International Relations at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, and visiting scholar at the Center of International Studies, Princeton University, the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, and elsewhere. He was educated at Monash University, Australia and Balliol College, Oxford. He has published on the history of international relations thought. Robert O. Keohane is James B. Duke Professor of Political Science, Duke University. He is interested in the role played by governance in world politics, and in particular on how international institutions and transnational networks operate. He is the author of After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, 1984), for which he was awarded the second annual Grawemeyer Award in 1989 for Ideas Improving World Order. He is also the author of International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Westview, 1989), co-author of Power and Independence: World Politics in Transition (Little, Brown, 1977; 3rd edition 2001), and co-author of Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton, 1994). He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been the recipient of a Guggenheim fellowship.

'The genocide in Rwanda showed us how terrible the consequences of inaction can be in the face of mass murder. But the conflict in Kosovo raised equally important questions about the consequences of action without international consensus and clear legal authority. On the one hand, is it legitimate for a regional organization to use force without a UN mandate? On the other, is it permissible to let gross and systematic violations of human rights, with grave humanitarian consequences, continue unchecked?' (United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan). This book is a comprehensive, integrated discussion of 'the dilemma' of humanitarian intervention. Written by leading analysts of international politics, ethics, and law, it seeks, among other things, to identify strategies that may, if not resolve, at least reduce the current tension between human rights and state sovereignty. This volume is an invaluable contribution to the debate on all aspects of this vital global issue. Analisa A Intervenção Humanitária Do Ponto De Vista ético, Legal E Político. The Humanitarian Intervention Debate / J. L. Holzgrefe -- Humanitarian Intervention Before And After 9/11 : Legality And Legitimacy / Tom J. Farer -- The Liberal Case For Humanitarian Intervention / Fernando R. Tesón -- Reforming The International Law Of Humanitarian Intervention / Allen Buchanan -- Changing The Rules About Rules? : Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention And The Future Of International Law / Michael Byers And Simon Chesterman -- Interpretation And Change In The Law Of Humanitarian Intervention / Thomas M. Franck -- Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention : The Case For Incremental Change / Jane Stromseth -- Political Authority After Intervention : Gradations In Sovereignty / Robert O. Keohane -- State Failure And Nation-building / Michael Ignatieff. Edited By J.l. Holzgrefe And Robert O. Keohane. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 322-335) And Index. Rwanda, Iraq, and Kosovo have stimulated ethical, legal and political debates about humanitarian intervention - the use of military force to end human rights violations in other states. Leading analysts address key issues, including the implications of the war against terrorism for humanitarian intervention. Of interest to students and researchers. On 6 April 1994, President Habyarimana of Rwanda and several top government officials were killed when their plane was shot down by a surface-to-air missile on its approach to Kigali airport.