Human Toxicology of Pesticides (Routledge Revivals)

First Published in 1991, this book conducts a systematic analysis of existing information regarding the toxicological effects of pesticides on humans. The book identifies the negative health effects related to exposure to pesticides and the biological changes required to undertake biological monitoring. The book also discusses the importance and magnitude of the problem for different kinds of pesticide applications in different parts of the world, explains the toxicodynamics and clinical picture of acute and chronic intoxications resulting from exposure to different groups of pesticides and selected individual substances, and evaluates existing methods and limitations for assessing human exposure to pesticides. Pesticide manufacturers, occupational health professionals, epidemiologists, environmentalists, government agencies and others concerned with the effects of pesticides on human populations should consider this book essential reading. Cover 1 Title Page 2 Copyright Page 3 Preface 4 The Authors 6 Contents 8 Chapter 1 Introduction 14 Chapter 2 Organophosphorous Compounds 16 I. Introduction 16 II. Properties 16 A. Chemical Structure 16 III. Uses 16 IV. Metabolism 16 A. Biotransformation 18 B. Biochemical Oxidation 18 C. Hydrolysis 18 V. Toxicity: Mechanism of Action 18 VI. Exposure: Dose-Effect Relationship 20 A. Occupational Exposure 20 VII. Effects on Humans 23 A. Acute OP Intoxication 23 B. Chronic Intoxications 25 C. Neurotoxic Effects 27 D. Delayed Neuropathy 27 E. Electromyographic Studies 29 F. Central Nervous System 30 G. Behavior Changes 31 H. EEG Studies 31 I. Eye and Vision 32 J. Long-Term Effects 32 K. Effect of Individual Compounds on Humans 32 L. Biological Monitoring of OP Exposure 36 1. Exposure Tests as an Early Indication of Health Impairments 37 M. Determination of OP Exposure Indicators 39 1. Cholinesterase Activity 39 2. OP Metabolites in Urine 41 3. Alkylphosphates in Urine (A P) 41 4. OP in Human Blood 42 5. EMG 42 6. NTE 43 N. Other Tests 43 O. Treatment of Organophosphate Intoxication 43 VIII. Prevention 44 IX. Conclusion 44 References 47 Chapter 3 Carbamates 56 I. Introduction 56 II. Properties 56 III. Uses 56 IV. Metabolism 56 V. Toxicity: Mechanism of Action 57 VI. Exposure: Dose-Effect Relationship 59 VII. Effects on Humans 60 A. Acute Intoxications 60 B. Volunteer Studies 60 C. Occupational Short- and Long-Term Exposure 61 1. Short-Term Exposure 61 2. Long-Term Exposure 63 D. Biological and Health Indicators of Exposure 64 E. Methods Available for ChEA Determination 65 F. Treatment of Carbamate Intoxications 66 VIII. Prevention 66 IX. Conclusion 68 References 68 Chapter 4 Organochlorine Compounds 72 I. Introduction 72 II. Properties 72 III. Uses 72 IV. Metabolism 72 V. Toxicity: Mechanism of Action 73 A. Mechanism of Action 73 1. Interaction Between Organochlorine Compounds, Drugs, and Hormones 76 B. Reported Protein-OCP Binding 78 VI. Exposure: Dose-Effect Relationship 78 A. OCP Levels in Human Tissues 79 1. Organochlorine Pesticide Content in Fat Tissue 79 2. OCP Content in Different Tissues, Blood, and Urine 83 B. OCP and Pregnancy 83 C. Human Pathology and Organochlorine Compounds 87 D. Levels of OCP in Workers vs. General Population and Evaluation of their Significance 88 VII. Effects on H um ans 90 A. Acute Intoxications with OCPs 90 B. Chronic Effects of OCP 91 1. Effects of Individual Compounds 95 2. Cyclodiene Compounds 99 3. Treatment 102 4. Prevention 103 VIII. Conclusion 103 References 105 Chapter 5 Synthetic Pyrethroids 114 I. Introduction 114 II. Properties 114 III. Uses 114 IV. Metabolism 114 V. Toxicity: Mechanism of Action 115 VI. Exposure: Dose-Effect Relationship 117 VII. Effects on Humans 118 VIII. Prevention 120 IX. Conclusion 121 References 121 Chapter 6 Organotin Compounds 124 I. Introduction 124 II. Properties 124 III. Uses 124 IV. Metabolism 124 V. Toxicity: Mechanism of Action 124 VI. Exposure: Dose-Effect Relationship 125 VII. Effects on Hum ans 126 A. Dermal Contact 126 B. Inhalatory Exposure 127 C. Oral Exposure 127 VIII. Treatment 127 IX. Prevention 127 X. Conclusion 128 References 128 Chapter 7 Organomercurial Compounds 130 I. Introduction 130 II. Properties 130 III. Uses 130 IV. Metabolism 130 V. Toxicity: Mechanism of Action 130 VI. Exposure: Dose-Effect Relationship 131 VII. Effects on Humans 132 VIII. Treatment 134 IX. Prevention 134 X. Conclusion 135 References 135 Chapter 8 Dithiocarbamate Compounds 138 I. Introduction 138 II. Properties 138 III. Uses 138 IV. Metabolism 138 V. Toxicity: Mechanism of action 138 VI. Exposure: Dose-effect relationship 138 VII. Effects on Humans 140 VIII. Prevention 141 IX. Conclusion 141 References 142 Chapter 9 Benzimidazole Compounds 144 I. Introduction 144 II. Properties 144 III. Uses 144 IV. Metabolism 144 V. Toxicity: Mechanism of Action 144 VI. Exposure: Dose-Effect Relationship 144 VII. Effects on Humans 145 VIII. Prevention 146 IX. Conclusion 146 References 146 Chapter 10 Chlorphenoxy Compounds 148 I. Introduction 148 II. Properties 148 A. Chemical Structure 148 B. Physical Properties 148 III. Uses 148 IV. Metabolism 148 V. Toxicity: Mechanism of Action 150 VI. Exposure: Dose-Effect Relationship 150 VII. Effects on Humans 152 A. Acute Inhalation and Dermal Exposure 152 B. Acute Oral Intoxication 153 C. Short- and Long-Term Occupational Exposure 153 1. Irritative and Allergic Effects: Porphyria Cutanea Tarda 153 2. Gastrointestinal System 154 3. Nervous System 154 4. Psychological Effects 154 5. Hepatotoxic Effects 154 6. Myotoxic Effects 154 7. Cardiopathy and Cardiovascular Effects 155 8. Endocrine Effects 155 9. Hematological and Biochemical Effects 155 10. Long-Term Effects 155 D. Exposure/Effect Relationship 156 VIII. Safe levels 156 IX. Conclusion 157 References 158 Chapter 11 Dipyridiliums 160 I. Introduction 160 II. Properties 160 III. Uses 160 IV. Metabolism 161 V. Toxicity: Mechanism ofAction 161 VI. Exposure: Dose-Effect Relationship 161 VII. Effects on Humans 162 A. Oral Intoxication 163 B. Lung Damage 163 C. Kidney, Liver, and Gastrointestinal System Damage 165 D. Occupational Intoxications 166 E. Dermal Absorption 166 F. Local Skin and Nail Effect 166 G. Paraquat Concentrations in Biological Media 167 H. Treatment of Intoxication 168 I. Recovery after Treatment of Intoxication 169 VIII. Prevention 169 A. SafeLavels 169 IX. Conclusion 169 References 170 Chapter 12 Miscellaneous Pesticides 172 References 173 Chapter 13 Combined Exposure 174 I. Introduction 174 II. Respiratory System 175 III. Liver and Kidneys 176 IV. Immunotoxicity 177 A. Allergy to Pesticides 177 B. Immunosuppression 178 C. Hematological Changes 179 D. Nervous System 179 E. Vision 180 V. Long-Term Effects 181 VI. Conclusion 181 References 183 Chapter 14 Epidemiology of the Acute Pesticide Intoxication 186 Conclusion 190 References 192 Chapter 15 Reentry Periods 194 I. Definition of Problem 194 II. Methodology for Establishment of Reentry Intervals 195 III. Studies on Individual Pesticides 196 IV. Reentry Intervals for Some Pesticides 197 V. The Problem of Practical Use of Reentry Intervals 197 VI. Conclusion 198 References 199 Index 202 Biosensors are devices that utilize biological recognition elements to selectively detect and analyze specific biological and chemical analyte substances. In this work a technology platform for label-free optical biosensors based on surface-functionalized photonic crystal slabs is proposed. Using this technology platform, low-cost solutions for three biotechnical questions are presented