Human Rights Culture in Indonesia: Attacks on the Ahmadiyya Minority Group (Studies on Modern Orient)

Drawing on human rights discourse and a study of the difficulties faced by religious minority groups (using the Ahmadiyya minority group as a case study), this book presents three interconnected challenges to human rights culture in Indonesia. First, it presents a normative challenge, describing the gap between philosophical and normative principles of human rights on one side and the overall problems and critical issues of human rights at national and local levels on the other. Second, it considers the political problems in developing and strengthening human rights culture. The political challenge addresses the ability (or inability) of the state to guarantee the rights of certain individuals and minority groups. Third, it examines the sociological challenge of majority-minority group relationships in human rights discourse and practices. This book describes the background of human rights in Indonesia and reviews the previous literature on the issue. It also presents a comprehensive review of the discourses about human rights and political changes in contemporary Indonesia. The analysis focuses on how human rights challenges affect the situation of religious minorities, looking in particular at the Ahmadiyya as a minority group that experiences human rights violations such as discrimination, persecution, and violence. The study fills out its treatment of these issues by examining the involvement of actors both from the state and society, addressing also the politics of human rights protection. Acknowledgments 7 Contents 11 List of Tables and Figures 15 Acronyms and Abbreviations 17 Introduction 19 Part I: The Paradox of Human Rights 33 Chapter 1 The Theory of Human Rights 33 Chapter 2 Defining Human rights Culture 50 Chapter 3 Human Rights Discourse in Indonesia 67 Chapter 4 Religious Minorities in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia 87 Part II: Portraying the Ahmadiyya Minority Groups 107 Chapter 5 The Ahmadiyya and Its Historical Origin 107 Chapter 6 The Ahmadiyya in the Contemporary Global and Indonesia’s Context 123 Part III: The Indonesian Ahmadiyya and the Violation of Human Rights 139 Chapter 7 Triggers and Actors Involved in the Violation of the Ahmadiyya 139 Chapter 8 The Ahmadiyya and the Violation of Substantive Human Rights 162 Part IV: The Politics of Human Rights Protection in Indonesia 187 Chapter 9 The Politics of Human Rights Protection in Indonesia 187 Chapter 10 Co-constructing Human Right Protection 220 Conclusion: Contribution and Prediction 234 Bibliography 246 Index 292

Die Reihe Studies on Modern Orient wurde als Studien zum Modernen Orient im Klaus Schwarz Verlag begründet. Die Bände sind religiösen, politischen und sozialen Phänomenen in muslimischen Gesellschaften der Moderne und Gegenwart gewidmet. Das Spektrum der Reihe ist dabei nicht auf den Nahen und Mittleren Osten beschränkt, sondern berücksichtigt auch relevante Themen in mehrheitlich nicht-muslmischen Regionen, beispielsweise in Europa oder Amerika.