Human Orthopaedic Biomechanics

Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright List of contributors Preface Acknowledgments Part 1: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Theory Chapter 1. Introduction: from mechanics to biomechanics Abstract Chapter 2. Mechanical properties of biological tissues Abstract Introduction: material properties and structural properties Material properties: general concept Stress tensor and Hooke’s law Orthotropic, transversally isotropic, and isotropic material models Hyperelastic material Viscoelasticity and viscoelastic models Chapter 3. Orthopedic biomechanics: stress analysis Abstract Statics review Stress and strain concept One-dimensional simple stresses and strains Stresses on an oblique section under axial loading Normal and shear strain Normal stress due to pure bending (simple beam theory) References Chapter 4. Orthopedic biomechanics: multibody analysis Abstract Introduction Modeling strategies Case studies References Chapter 5. Fundamentals of mechanobiology Abstract Biomechanical signaling Mechanical stimulation and study models References Chapter 6. Bone biomechanics Abstract Bone physiology Bone cells and (re)modeling Bone formation and remodeling Bone mechanical properties Assessment of bone biomechanical properties at different dimensional levels Ageing and bone diseases References Chapter 7. Muscle biomechanics Abstract Introduction Anatomy Sliding filament theory Biomechanics Electromyography References Further reading Chapter 8. Ligament and tendon biomechanics Abstract Anatomy, structure, and function Biomechanical properties Experimental measurement of the biomechanical properties In vivo assessment of the biomechanical properties Entheses and aponeuroses Musculoskeletal maturation, aging, and exercise Animal models References Chapter 9. Cartilage biomechanics Abstract Introduction Structural composition Biomechanics References Chapter 10. Meniscus biomechanics Abstract Introduction Anatomy Function Biomechanical properties Tensile material properties Compressive material properties Root attachment properties Injury impact on meniscus performance Partial meniscectomy Total meniscectomy Changes in meniscus biomechanics in osteoarthritis Restoring the meniscus Sutures Meniscus replacement References Chapter 11. Intervertebral disc biomechanics Abstract Shape and structure Cartilaginous and vertebral endplates Osmotic swelling Biomechanical response of the discal tissues Biomechanics of the intervertebral disc Aging and degeneration Disc herniation References Further reading Part 2: Human Joints Biomechanics Chapter 12. Biomechanics of the hip joint Abstract Skeletal anatomy Ligaments Femoral axis Functional anatomy of the hip muscles Loads and stresses Hip cartilage and osteoarthritis The acetabular labrum Fracture of the femoral neck References Chapter 13. Biomechanics of the knee joint Abstract Knee functional anatomy The tibio-femoral joint: kinematics and kinetics Historical knee kinematics analysis: from one degrees of freedom to six degrees of freedoms The Grood–Suntay coordinate system Medio-lateral knee kinematics model: medial pivot and roll-back knee motion Knee kinematics in active conditions Tibio-femoral kinetics The patello-femoral joint References Chapter 14. Biomechanics of the spine Abstract Anatomy Flexibility and mobility Loads Degeneration Sagittal alignment and degenerative deformities Congenital, pediatric, and adolescent scoliosis Trauma and fractures References Chapter 15. Biomechanics of the shoulder joint Abstract Skeletal anatomy Soft tissues Functional anatomy Glenohumeral forces Pathologies References Chapter 16. Biomechanics of the ankle joint Abstract Preliminary definitions Anatomy and morphology of the human ankle joint Bones and joints The talus The calcaneus The navicular bone The cuboid Major ligaments Muscles and tendons The posterior compartment The anterior compartment The lateral compartment Kinematics of the human ankle joint The range of motion of the ankle Kinematics during gait Kinetics of the human ankle joint External loads on the ankle joint Muscle forces and joint contact forces in the ankle joint References Chapter 17. Biomechanics of wrist and elbow Abstract The wrist The elbow References Part 3: Biomechanics and Design of Orthopaedic Devices Chapter 18. Biomaterials and biocompatibility Abstract Biomaterials: definitions Biomaterial classes and properties Biomaterials for orthopedic devices Biotribology Surface functionalization Adding “smartness” to orthopedic implants Bone tissue engineering and personalized orthopedic medicine References Chapter 19. Hip prosthesis: biomechanics and design Abstract Introduction Implant operation Scores History of prosthesis Femoral component Acetabular component Fixation approaches Cemented Cementless or press-fit Geometry Hybrid fixation Latest designs Kinematics and kinetics References Further reading Chapter 20. Knee prosthesis: biomechanics and design Abstract Introduction and general concepts Cruciate retaining and posterior stabilized implants Cemented and press-fit implant Fixed- and mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty Implant alignment and balancing Primary and revision total knee arthroplastys Total knee arthroplasty and partial knee replacement History of total knee prosthesis design The first hinged designs The first condylar implants Anatomical and functional approaches Design of a total knee replacement Total knee arthroplasty design objectives, criteria, and directions Femoral component design Tibial component design Tibial insert design Patellar component design Additional total knee arthroplasty design aspects Design of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty Design of revision total knee arthroplasty: condylar constraint knee and hinged design, stem, and augment References Chapter 21. Spinal implants: biomechanics and design Abstract Instrumented spine surgery Pedicle screw fixation Interbody cages Cervical fixation Instrumentation for deformity correction Sacropelvic fixation Artificial disks Dynamic stabilization and other motion-preserving implants Fatigue failure and loosening of spinal implants References Chapter 22. Shoulder prosthesis: biomechanics and design Abstract Evolution of the shoulder arthroplasty Biomechanics of the shoulder prosthesis Advanced design concepts of the reverse shoulder arthroplasty Conclusion References Chapter 23. Devices for traumatology: biomechanics and design Abstract Orthopedic trauma and its treatment External fixators Internal fixation—plates and screws Intramedullary nailing Effect of healing on device choice and configuration Boundary conditions Time-dependent properties of bone References Chapter 24. Regeneration and repair of ligaments and tendons Abstract Introduction Tissue engineering for common tendon and ligament injuries Cells Scaffolds Growth factors Conclusion References Further reading Chapter 25. Biomechanical requirements for certification and quality in medical devices Abstract Certification and quality of an orthopedic medical device: requirements, regulations, laws, and procedures The role of the international standards in the certification process of an orthopedic medical device Examples on the role of standards for the demonstration of fulfillment of biomechanical requirements for an orthopedic medical device Fatigue performances of a hip prosthesis stem: analysis of the available standards for an experimental and computational approach Wear of the tibial insert of a knee prosthesis: analysis of the available standards for an experimental and computational approach Shoulder prosthesis: is the current standardization enough? Conclusion and future perspectives References Chapter 26. Clinical evaluation of orthopedic implants Abstract Overview of clinical trials of medical devices and definitions Classification of medical devices Competent authorities and ethics committee Premarket studies on medical devices Postmarketing studies on medical devices: interventional studies Postmarketing studies on medical devices: observational studies Clinical trials on medical devices in Europe: EU regulation (745/17) Ethical issues related to clinical trials in orthopedics References Chapter 27. Computer-assisted orthopedic surgery Abstract Background Main functional components General workflow System performance System designs Hardware architectures Tracking technologies Clinical applications Biomechanically enhanced surgeries References Part 4: Applications in Orthopaedic Biomechanics Chapter 28. Experimental orthopedic biomechanics Abstract Experimental tests at the organ and tissue levels Experimental tests on implants and prostheses Joint simulators References Chapter 29. Challenges in the system modeling of the musculoskeletal apparatus Abstract State-of-the-art Methodology Conclusions References Chapter 30. Measuring joint kinematics through instrumented motion analysis Abstract Introduction Some first basic definitions, principles, and assumptions The optical motion analysis system From tracking markers to tracking body segments From tracking body segments to calculating joint kinematics Sources of error and variability Conclusion References Chapter 31. Measurement of joint kinematics utilising video-fluoroscopy Abstract Introduction Equipment Safety and protection during a fluoroscopic acquisition Why use fluoroscopy for mechanical measurements? 2D tracking 2D–3D registration Clinical biomechanics utility/joint motion The future References Further reading Chapter 32. Finite element analysis in orthopedic biomechanics Abstract Finite element analysis as a method General considerations for conducting FEA A case study Model validation Summary and conclusion References Chapter 33. Rigid-body and musculoskeletal models Abstract Introduction Fundaments of rigid-body and musculoskeletal modeling Musculoskeletal modeling Human–bicycle interaction model Concluding remarks References Chapter 34. The use of computational models in orthopedic biomechanical research Abstract Introduction The hip joint The knee joint The spine The shoulder joint The ankle joint Verification, validation, and calibration of orthopedic computational models Limitations Future developments Conclusions References Index