Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Chemical Pollutants in Stormwater : Implications for Urban Stormwater Reuse

This book presents a detailed analysis in relation to human health risk assessment of the main toxic chemical pollutants in urban stormwater generated from urban traffic and land use activities. The knowledge presented in this book was derived based on comprehensive experimental investigations including field sampling, laboratory testing, mathematical modelling, spatial analysis and multivariate and univariate statistical data analyses. The key highlights of the book include the quantitative assessment of the human health risk posed by key toxic chemical pollutants in urban stormwater and the development of linkages between risk and traffic and land use. Additionally, a suite of mathematical equations are presented to predict human health risk based on traffic and land use characteristics through mathematical modelling. These outcomes can significantly assist in effective stormwater risk management under changing traffic and land use in the urban environment. The knowledge presented is of particular interest to readers such as stormwater treatment design specialists, decision-makers and urban planners since these outcomes provide practical suggestions and recommendations for effective urban stormwater treatment design. Preface 6 Contents 8 1 Human Health Risk from Stormwater Pollution 10 1.1 Background 10 1.2 Urban Stormwater Pollution 11 1.2.1 Primary Stormwater Toxic Chemical Pollutants 11 1.2.2 Toxic Chemical Pollutant Sources 12 1.3 Risk Assessment in Relation to Toxic Chemical Pollutants 13 1.3.1 General Concepts of Risk 13 1.3.2 Risk Assessment Procedure 14 1.4 Rationale for the Monograph 17 1.5 Summary 19 References 19 2 Research Program 22 2.1 Background 22 2.2 Study Sites 23 2.3 Sample Collection 23 2.4 Sample Testing 29 2.5 Summary 30 References 31 3 Linking Traffic and Land Use to Stormwater Quality 32 3.1 Background 32 3.2 Predicting HM and PAH Concentrations in Stormwater Runoff 33 3.2.1 Estimation of Total Solids (TS) Load in Stormwater 33 3.2.2 Stormwater Runoff Volume Estimation 37 3.2.3 Pollutant Concentrations in Stormwater Runoff 40 3.3 Linking Traffic and Land Use to Pollutant Concentrations 41 3.4 Summary 45 References 52 4 Human Health Risk Assessment for Toxic Chemical Pollutants in Urban Stormwater 54 4.1 Background 54 4.2 Risk Assessment Model Development 55 4.2.1 Hazard Identification 55 4.2.2 Exposure Assessment 55 4.2.3 Dose–Response Assessment 60 4.2.4 Risk Characterization 61 4.2.5 Risk Assessment Model 63 4.3 Risk Posed by Toxic Chemical Pollutants 65 4.3.1 Risk Posed by HMs 65 4.3.2 Risk Posed by PAHs 68 4.3.3 Combined Risk Posed by HMs and PAHs in Stormwater 70 4.4 Influence of Traffic and Land Use on Risk 71 4.4.1 Influence of Quantitative Factors to Stormwater Risk 72 4.4.2 Influence of Qualitative Factors on Stormwater Risk 73 4.5 Further Refinement of the Risk Assessment 80 4.6 Conclusions 84 References 84 5 Implications for Stormwater Management and Recommendations for Future Research 86 5.1 Background 86 5.2 Implications for Urban Stormwater Management 87 5.2.1 Implications Related to Current Water Quality Guidelines 87 5.2.2 Factors Influencing Stormwater Risk 87 5.3 Recommendations for Future Research 91 5.3.1 Risk Assessment of Toxic Pollutants to Receiving Waters 92 5.3.2 Risk Assessment of Other Toxic Chemical Pollutants in Urban Stormwater 92 5.3.3 Assessing Ecological Risk Associated with Urban Stormwater 92 References 92 Index 94