چالش‌های عوامل انسانی در مدیریت بحران: بهبود عملکرد فردی و تیمی در خدمات آتش‌نشانی و اضطراری

"This book provides an overview of state-of-the-art research that has been conducted within Australia, funded by the Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre. The chapters source and contextualize their own research practice within the context of the international research literature. Therefore, while the research has occurred within Australia it will be of particular interest to scholars, students and practitioners in a number of other countries, particularly within the United States of America and in Europe. The fire and emergency services is a particularly large industry - in Australia alone it employs 250,000 personnel - yet there is very little by way of published human factors books addressing this sector directly. Emergency events frequently involve problems for which there may be unanticipated consequences and highly interdependent consequential effects. In short, emergency events are not necessarily as containable as may be work in other domains. As Karl Weick once commented, emergency events do not 'play by the rules'. This means that these research chapters tell us something about a potential future world of work that is highly dynamic, interdependent and for which improvisation and critical thinking and problem-solving are necessary pre-requisites. The discussions about individual and team performance will also be pertinent to others working in similar high-reliability, high-consequence domains. The chapters connect into an integrated body of work about individual and group performance and their limitations."--Provided by publisher. Cover 1 Contents 6 List of Figures 10 List of Tables 12 List of Contributors 14 1 Human Factors in Emergency Management 18 Introduction 18 The Growing Importance of Emergency Management 19 Why the Emergency Services Environment is so Challenging 23 What the Reader Will Find 29 Conclusion 33 References 33 2 Stress and Wildland Firefighter Safety-related Decisions and Actions 36 Introduction 36 Method 37 Review of the Literature on Stress and Performance 38 Stress and Performance 42 Concluding Discussion 46 References 48 3 Expert Decision Making and the Use of Worst Case Scenario Thinking 52 Introduction 52 Method 58 Worst Case Scenario Thinking 59 Implications for Practitioners and Instructors 63 Conclusion 68 References 69 4 What Were They Thinking? A Model of Metacognition for Bushfire Fighters 74 Introduction 74 Method 77 What Were They Thinking? 81 A Model of Metacognition 82 Implications for Practitioners and Instructors 88 Conclusions 92 Note 93 References 93 5 The Role of Affect in Individual and Collective Performance in a Sociocultural Context 96 Introduction 96 Method 97 The Impact of Affect 98 Implications and Strategies for Practitioners and Instructors 109 Conclusion 110 References 111 6 The Impact of Team Member Familiarity on Performance: Ad hoc and Pre-formed Emergency Service 114 Introduction 114 An Outline of Relevant Team Research and Findings 115 The Nature of Teamwork, Taskwork and Team Decision Making 116 The Influence of Familiarity on Team Performance 126 Implications for Practitioners and Instructors 130 Strategies for Instructors 132 Conclusion 133 References 134 7 Leadership, Communication and Teamwork in Emergency Management 142 Introduction 142 Barriers to Information Flow in Emergency Management 143 Communication Coordination and the Role of Leadership 143 Method 145 How Leaders Support their Teams 149 Implications for Practitioners and Instructors 159 Conclusion 160 References 161 8 Firefighter Decision Making at the Local Incident and Regional/State Control Levels 166 Introduction 166 Emergency Response 167 Pressures on Decision Making 176 Implications of Pressures for Practitioners and Instructors 184 Conclusions 184 References 185 9 Coping Ugly: Errors, Decisions, Coping and the Implications for Emergency Management Training 188 Introduction 188 Human Error during Coordination Events 189 Training to Enhance Non-Technical Skills 196 The Zone of Coping Ugly (ZOCU) 201 Conclusions 209 References 210 10 Creating Cultures of Reflective Learning in the Emergency Services: Two Case Studies 212 Why Reflective Learning is Important 212 Developing Reflective Cultures 213 Method 217 The Narawntapu Staff Ride – Through the Lens of a Journey 219 The Cobaw Staff Ride – Through the Lens of Evaluation 225 Implications for Practitioners and Instructors 231 Conclusion 232 References 233 11 The Challenges of Change in Future Emergency Management: Conclusions and Future Developments 236 Introduction 236 Challenges for Emergency Management 237 Future Directions for Research and Practice 244 Conclusion 246 References 246 Index 248 The fire and emergency services is a particularly large industry - in Australia alone it employs 250,000 personnel - yet there is very little by way of published human factors books addressing this sector directly. This book provides an overview of state-of-the-art research that has been conducted within Australia, funded by the Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre. As Karl Weick once commented, emergency events do not 'play by the rules' and these research chapters tell us something about a potential future world of work that is highly dynamic, interdependent and for which improvisation and critical thinking and problem-solving are necessary pre-requisites.