Human choice and digital by default : autonomy vs digital determination : 15th IFIP International Conference on Human Choice and Computers, HCC 2022, Tokyo, Japan, September 8-9, 2022, proceedings

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th IFIP TC 9 International Conference on Human Choice and Computers, HCC15 2022, in Tokyo, Japan, in September 2022. The 17 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 32 submissions. Summaries of 2 keynote presentations are also included. The papers deal with the constantly evolving intimate relationship between humans and technology. Preface Human Choice and Digital by Default: Autonomy vs Digital Determination 1 Choice 2 Papers References Organization Keynote Talks Designing Socio-Technical Systems for a Cyber Civilization “Octagon Measurements” and “ELSI score” for AI ethics Contents Ethics Promoting Worker Wellbeing in the Era of Data Economy 1 Introduction 2 Data Economy Ecosystem as Emerging and Challenging Business Field 3 From Individual Stress Factors to Wellbeing of Ecosystems 3.1 Key Concepts in Worker Wellbeing Studies 3.2 Challenges in Knowledge Workers’ Wellbeing in Data Ecosystems 4 Workplace Democracy in Strengthening Knowledge Workers’ Wellbeing 5 WWFD - Framework for Wellbeing at Work from Digitalisation in Data Economy Ecosystems 6 Conclusions References Privacy in Internet of Things Ecosystems – Prerequisite for the Ethical Data Collection and Use by Companies 1 Introduction 2 IoT, Surveillance and Privacy 2.1 Surveillance 2.2 Privacy 3 Securing Privacy in IoT Surveillance Implementations 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References The Use of Live Facial Recognition Technology by Private Entities in Public Places: A Study of Recent Case in Japan 1 Current Situation in Japan 1.1 Use of Facial Recognition Automated Gates and Its Guidebook 1.2 Facial Recognition System Provided by East Japan Railway Company 1.3 Press Reports 2 Guidelines of the Personal Information Protection Commission and East Japan Railway COMpany’s Measures 2.1 Questions and Answers on Act on the Protection of Personal Information 2.2 Measures Taken by East Japan Railway Company 2.3 Special Care-required Personal Information 3 Discussion in Japan 3.1 Requirements for Private Entities to Use Facial Recognition Systems in Public Spaces 3.2 Opinion by Japan Federation of Bar Association 3.3 Conclusion References Repair of Unstable Sociomaterial Relations: A Study on Librarians’ and Social Workers’ Practices in Addressing the Needs of Their Clients 1 Introduction 2 Previous Research and Analytical Framework 3 The Method 4 Enactments of Repair in the Social Services 5 Enactments of Repair in a Library Context 6 Discussion and Conclusions References Autonomy Alliances and Data Care Practices 1 Introduction 2 Theorizing Relational Autonomy 3 Empirical Setting’s Background 4 Methodological Orientation and Research Ethics 5 Digital Inclusion at a Danish Public Library 6 Autonomy Alliances and Data Care Practices at Everyday Counseling 7 Subverting Individualistic Ideals of Citizens and Fostering Equity 8 Conclusion References An Analysis Between SNS and Social Capital Types in Japan 1 Introduction 2 Internet Social Capital Scales 3 Research on the Relationship Between Social Capital and Twitter Behavior 3.1 Details of the Investigation 3.2 Survey Method 3.3 Survey Results 4 Discussion 5 Summary References Possible Utilization of Personal Data and Medical Care in Japan, Focusing on Japan’s Act on Anonymously Processed Medical Information to Contribute to Medical Research and Development 1 Introduction 2 Current Situation on Privacy Law and Medical Care in Japan 2.1 Personal Data Protection Law 2.2 Cancer Registration Act 3 Background History and Issues of the Cancer Registration Law in Japan 3.1 Brief Background to the Establishment of the Cancer Registration Law 3.2 Overview of the Cancer Registration Act 3.3 Limitations of the Cancer Registration Act 4 Legal Structure on Medical Information in Japan 4.1 Awareness of the Need to Consider Personal Information in the Medical Field 4.2 Subsequent Review of Personal Information in the Medical Field 4.3 Utilization of Medical Information and Protection of Personal Information 4.4 So-called “Accreditation Body” 4.5 Consideration of the Situation in Japan 5 Exceptions to the Protection of Personal Information in Research and Development in Europe and Other Countries 5.1 Exceptions to European Regulations 5.2 HIPAA Privacy Regulations in the United States 5.3 Utilization of Medical Data in Other Foreign Institutions 6 Medical Data Collection Relating to COVID-19 and Legal Structure in Japan 6.1 Gathering of Medical Information from the Government and Provisions of the Act Related to COVID-19 6.2 Laws and Regulations Concerning the Protection of Personal Information 6.3 Government and Other Public Sector Personal Information Protection Legislation 6.4 Ordinance on the Protection of Personal Information by Local Governments 6.5 Provision of Statistical Information from Platform Operators 7 Conclusion Examining the Effective of Web Advertising on Pupil Size 1 Introduction 2 Related Study on Multimodal Information 3 Purpose 4 Experiment Details and Subjects 5 Experimental Website and Advertising Stimuli 5.1 Overview of the Experimental Web System 5.2 Types of Advertising Stimuli and Stimulus Intensity 6 Multimodal Information Acquisition System 7 Pupil Size Analysis Method 7.1 Pretreatment 7.2 Analysis by Moving Average 7.3 Analysis by Golden Cross 7.4 Analysis by Variance Value Using MACD 8 Conclusion and Interpretation 8.1 Discussion 8.2 Interpretation 8.3 Future Issues References Digital–Sustainable Co-transformation: Introducing the Triple Bottom Line of Sustainability to Digital Transformation Research 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Background: Digital Transformation, Sustainability Transformation and Their Linchpin 2.1 Digital Transformation 2.2 Sustainability Transformation 2.3 Sustainable Digital Innovations: The Linchpin of a Digital- and Sustainable Transformation 3 Exemplary Case Bext360: Sustainable Digital Innovation for Digital–Sustainable Co-transformation 4 Discussion 4.1 The Concept of Digital-Sustainable Co-transformation 4.2 Research Implications 4.3 Practical Implications References Law Don’t be Caught Unaware: A Ransomware Primer with a Specific Focus on Africa 1 Introduction 2 Ransomware 2.1 Types of Ransomware 2.2 A Framework for Ransomware Attacks 3 Major International Ransomware Attacks in 2021 4 Ransomware Attacks in Africa 4.1 Major Ransomware Attacks in Africa in 2021 and 2022 4.2 Causes of Ransomware Attacks in South Africa 5 Preventing a Ransomware Attack 5.1 Steps for Organizations 5.2 Employees 6 Recovery After a Ransomware Attack 7 Conclusion References A Study on AI Creations and Patent Law Protection 1 Introduction 2 Definition of Inventor 3 Examination by the Japanese Government 4 Conception of Inventions and AI 4.1 Assumptions 4.2 The Processes Leading to an Invention 4.3 Examination of the Roles of Natural Persons and AI when Conceiving Inventions 4.4 Discussion 4.5 The “USE AS A TOOL” Requirement: A Comparison with a Circuit Simulator 5 Examination of Inventors and Right Holders 5.1 Setting of the Model 5.2 The Role of Natural Persons 5.3 Inventors and Patentees 6 Examples of Patent Applications Naming AI as Inventor 6.1 Judicial Decision of the Australian District Court 6.2 Our Proposed Model and Comparison with the Australian District Court Decision 7 Conclusion References General Monitoring and Constructive Knowledge? Issues of Automated Content Moderation by Hosting Service Providers Under Japanese Law 1 Introduction 2 Problem 2.1 Definition of Content Moderation 2.2 General Monitoring 2.3 Effect on Recognition by Detection 3 Content Moderation and Interference Preventive Injunction Claims in Japan 3.1 The Prohibition of Censorship and the Inviolability of the Secrecy of Communications Under the Japanese Constitution and the Telecommunications Business Act 3.2 Provider Liability Limitation Act 3.3 Guidelines for the PLLA and Illegal Information and Model Terms and Conditions 3.4 Recommendations for the Decade Review of PLLA 3.5 Cases Requesting for Preventive Injunction Against HSP 3.6 Urgent Recommendations on How to Deal with Slandering on the Internet 3.7 Summary: Content Moderation in Japan 4 Recent EU Legislation and Case Law 4.1 DSMCD Article 17 4.2 YouTube and Cyando Joined Cases 4.3 Glawischnig-Piesczek Case 4.4 Dsa 4.5 Summary: Content Moderation in the EU 5 Comparison: ACM Environment Between the EU and Japan 6 Conclusion: Issues for Japanese Law 6.1 General Monitoring 6.2 Confidentiality of Communications 6.3 Excessive Burden on HSPs 6.4 Development of Tools to Limit Liability for Proactive Measures Comparison of Legal Systems for Data Portability in the EU, the US and Japan and the Direction of Legislation in Japan 1 Legal Systems for Data Portability in the EU, TheUS and Japan 1.1 The EU 1.2 The US 1.3 Japan 2 Direction of Legislation in Japan References Regulatory Frameworks in Developing Countries: An Integrative Literature Review 1 Introduction 2 Related Work and Theoretical Framework 2.1 Theoretical Background 3 Methodology 4 Findings 5 Discussion and Conclusions 6 Conclusion References Application of International Law to Cyber Conflicts Outline of Japan’s Legal Response Against Low-Intensity Cyber Conflicts Through Countermeasures 1 Current Status and Perception of the Problems in Cyber Conflicts 2 Previous Research 3 Internationally Wrongful Cyber Acts 3.1 Overview of International Wrongful Cyber Acts 3.2 Attribution to the State 3.3 Breach of the State’s International Obligations 4 Response to Internationally Wrongful Cyber Acts 4.1 Self-defense 4.2 Necessity 4.3 Countermeasures 5 Scenario Analysis: Application and Challenges of Countermeasures to the Low-Intensity Cyber Conflicts 5.1 Assumed Situation 5.2 Case 1: Functional Damage to Military Assets and Facilities 5.3 Case 2: Functional Damage to Critical Infrastructures 5.4 Case 3: Creating Political Turmoil and Social Unrest by Information Operation 6 Proposals 6.1 Clarifying the Responsible Organization and Establishing Domestic Legislations about Cyber Countermeasures 6.2 Taking Initiative for Legalization of Collective Countermeasures 6.3 Improving Attribution Capability Including Collective One with Allies 6.4 Developing Ethical and Legal Norm to Prohibit the Malicious Cyber Acts Against Private Entities 7 Conclusion References Privacy Protection During Criminal Investigations of Personal Data Held by Third Parties 1 Criminal Investigations of Data 1.1 Investigations of Third Parties 1.2 Restrictions on Investigating Authorities 1.3 Confidentiality Obligations of Data Controllers 2 Comparison of Legal Systems 2.1 United States 2.2 European Union 2.3 Japan 3 Discussion 3.1 Due Process and Data Protection 3.2 Duty of the Confidentiality of the Data Controller 3.3 Ensuring Effectiveness 4 Conclusion References Author Index This book provides expert advice on the practical implementation of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and systematically analyses its various provisions. Examples, tables, a checklist etc. showcase the practical consequences of the new legislation. The handbook examines the GDPR’s scope of application, the organizational and material requirements for data protection, the rights of data subjects, the role of the Supervisory Authorities, enforcement and fines under the GDPR, and national particularities. In addition, it supplies a brief outlook on the legal consequences for seminal data processing areas, such as Cloud Computing, Big Data and the Internet of Things. Adopted in 2016, the General Data Protection Regulation will come into force in May 2018. It provides for numerous new and intensified data protection obligations, as well as a significant increase in fines (up to 20 million euros). As a result, not only companies located within the European Union will have to change their approach to data security; due to the GDPR’s broad, transnational scope of application, it will affect numerous companies worldwide.