Human-Centered Urban Planning and Design in China: Volume I: Urban and Rural Planning (GeoJournal Library, 129)

This book explores a more human-centered development pathway associated with the ideological shift from "quantity" to "quality" growth in the new era of Chinese urbanization. Sustainable urban and rural planning should be "people-centered" and concerned about urban-rural coordination. The authors argue that successful urban and rural development in China should promote social equity, culture diversity, economic prosperity and sustainable built form. This book prompts Chinese urbanists to reconsider and explore a sustainable and people-first planning approach with Chinese characteristics. The breadth and depth of this book is of particular interest to the faculty members, students, practitioners and the general public who are interested in subjects like urban and regional planning, rural planning, housing and community development, infrastructure planning, climate change and ecological planning, environmental planning, social equity and beyond. This book dealing with human-centered urban planning and development, rural planning and urban-rural coordination in China is part of a 2 volume set. Volume II discusses human-centered urban design and placemaking, human activities and urban mobility. Preface Contents Part I Urban Planning and Development 1 On Chinese Approach to Theoretical Study of Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Domestic and International Research Progresses of Urban Growth Boundary 1.2.1 International Research 1.2.2 Domestic Research 1.2.3 Summary 1.3 Chinese Approach to Urban Space Growth Boundary 1.3.1 Demarcating the Rigid Urban Growth Boundary 1.3.2 Demarcating the Elastic Urban Growth Boundary 1.4 Chinese Practice of Demarcating “Rigid” Urban Space Growth Boundary 1.4.1 Procedures for Ecological Essentiality Evaluation 1.4.2 Soil Erosion Sensitivity Evaluation Method 1.4.3 Habitat Sensitivity Evaluation Method 1.4.4 Ecological Essentiality Evaluation Method 1.5 Conclusion and Discussion 1.5.1 Conclusion 1.5.2 Discussion References 2 The Spatial Planning Technology Innovation of the Smart City Under Knowledge Economy and Ecological Sustainability 2.1 Core Elements of Smart City Development 2.2 Requirements of Smart City Spatial Development 2.3 Innovation and Development of Smart City Spatial Development 2.3.1 Innovation and Development of Smart City Spatial Development 2.3.2 Interactive Development of Smart City Space 2.3.3 Competitive Development of Smart City Space 2.3.4 Distribution of Smart City Space 2.3.5 Flow Development of Smart City Space 2.4 Application Practice of New Guangzhou Knowledge City 2.4.1 Evolution of Spatial Functional Organizations 2.4.2 Spatial Distribution and Structure: Distribution and Flow Development 2.4.3 Hybrid Compatible Development: Interaction and Competition 2.4.4 Conservation and Development of Natural Ecological Space: Evolution and Competition 2.4.5 Interactive Development Between Virtual Space and Physical Space 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Chinese Traditional Ecological Wisdom and Contemporary Sustainable Landscape Art 3.1 From the Plain and Experimental Ecological Concept to Artistic Expression 3.1.1 Source of Traditional Chinese Ecological Wisdom 3.2 Aesthetical Representation of Traditional Chinese Ecological Concepts 3.2.1 Figurative Expression of Ecological Concepts: Utensils 3.3 Two Abstract Expressions of Ecological Concepts—Landscape Painting and Poetry 3.4 Producing and Artistic Recreating—Traditional Chinese Ecological Contribution and Manifestation on Human-Built Environments 3.5 Application of Traditional Chinese Ecological Wisdom in Contemporary Sustainable Landscape Art 3.5.1 Case 1: Heritage Park as a Living Body: Landscape Design of Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Ruins Park 3.5.2 Case 2: Culturalized Ecological Reservation Zone—Landscape Plane of Nihewan National Park 3.6 Conclusion References 4 Spatial–Temporal Variations of Green Space in Metropolitan Area: The Case of Wuhan, China 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Study Area 4.3 Material and Data 4.3.1 Data Sources and Data Processing 4.3.2 Land Use Classification System 4.3.3 Indexes and Visualization Method 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Evolution of the Quantity of Green Space 4.4.2 Circular Concentric Analysis 4.4.3 Sector Directional Analysis 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 The Evolution of Green Space and the Response of Policy Changes 4.5.2 Targeted Strategies for Green Space Management 4.6 Conclusion References 5 Relationship Among Fractional Vegetation Cover, Land Use and Urban Heat Island Using Landsat 8 in Taipei, Taiwan 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and Methods 5.2.1 Study Area 5.2.2 Surface Temperature Calculated Using Satellite Images 5.2.3 Source and Methods of Files for Urban Heat Island 5.2.4 Source and Methods of FVC 5.3 Research and Analysis 5.3.1 Analysis of FVC for Taipei City 5.3.2 Analysis of Urban Heat Island in Taipei City 5.3.3 FVC of Taipei City and Analysis of Urban Heat Island 5.3.4 Analyses Between Land-Use-Based FVC and UHI for Taipei City 5.4 Discussion 5.5 Conclusions References 6 Ecological Perspective of the Evolution of Urban Spatial Form and Construction: Case Study of Hefei City 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Evolution of Urban Spatial Morphology in Hefei from the Ecological Perspective 6.2.1 General Situation of Hefei City 6.2.2 Influence of Natural Ecological Elements on the Urban Spatial Morphology and Layout of Hefei 6.2.3 Evolution of Urban Spatial Form in Hefei from the Ecological Perspective 6.2.4 Conclusion of Evolution Principle of Urban Spatial Morphology in Hefei and the Analysis of Its Influencing Mechanism 6.3 Deficiency and Outlook of the Construction of Urban Spatial Morphology in Hefei from the Ecological Perspective 6.3.1 Deficiency and Suggestion of Current Construction of Urban Spatial Morphology in Hefei 6.3.2 Developing Trend of Urban Spatial Morphology in Hefei 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Study of the Ecological Adaptive Mechanism of Traditional Human Settlements in Sichuan Tibetan Areas Based on a Cultural Perspective 7.1 Introduction: Cultural Expression of Human Settlement Ecological Adaptation 7.2 Adaptive Mechanism of the Regional Human Settlement Culture and Its Research Methods 7.3 Analysis of Traditional Habitat Culture, Natural Environment Elements, and Resource Endowments in the Sichuan Tibetan Area 7.3.1 Site Selection Theory in Tibetan Areas 7.3.2 Bonism’s Animism 7.3.3 High Mountain Worship 7.4 Empirical Analysis of the Ecological Adaptability of Traditional Human Settlements in the Tibetan Area of Sichuan 7.4.1 Natural Environment and the Construction Process of the Case Study Urban Villages 7.4.2 Adaptability Analysis of Terrain Elements 7.4.3 Adaptability Analysis of Climate Factors 7.5 Ecological Adaptation Mechanism of Location Selection in the Heritage of the Traditional Dwelling Culture in Sichuan Tibetan Regions 7.5.1 Adaptation Mechanism of the Land 7.5.2 Climate Adaptation Mechanism References 8 Analysis of the Influence of Tibetan Buddhism on the Formation and Development of Urban Areas in Mongolia Region in Qing Dynasty 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reasons Behind the Formation of Towns 8.3 Influence of Temple Location on Urban Development 8.4 Influence of Temple’s Spatial Layout on the Urban Spatial Layout 8.5 Development Patterns of Towns 8.5.1 Center—Multi-Core 8.5.2 Spatial Extension 8.6 Conclusion References 9 A Method of Discovering Urban Functional Zones Based on POI Feature Vector and Network Kernel Density 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Extraction of POI Feature Based on Map Segmentation 9.2.1 Map Segmentation 9.2.2 TF-IDF Extraction of POI Features 9.3 Identification and Verification of Functional Area 9.3.1 K-Means 9.3.2 Network Kernel Density Estimation 9.3.3 Spherical Kriging Interpolation Method 9.3.4 Evaluation 9.4 Experiment and Discussion 9.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Core Parameters 9.4.2 K-Means Results 9.4.3 Findings of Interpolated High-Intensity Density Area 9.4.4 Evaluation 9.5 Conclusion References 10 Evaluation Methodology on Industry-City Integration Degree of China National High-Tech Industrial Development Zones: A Case Study of Hubei Province 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methodology 10.2.1 Research Samples and Data Sources 10.2.2 Research Methods 10.3 Results 10.3.1 Composite and Category Results 10.3.2 Integration Patterns 10.4 Discussion 10.4.1 Accelerating Optimization, Potential Drawbacks Elimination 10.4.2 Progressive Adjustment, Dominance Drawbacks Reversal 10.5 Concluding Remarks References Part II Rural Planning and Urban-Rural Coordination 11 Urban–Rural Coordination in Shaoxing: Small and Medium Town Development amid Urban–Rural Relationship Transformation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Value Orientation in Urban–Rural Relationship Transformation 11.2.1 Definition of Urban–Rural Relationship 11.2.2 Evolution of China’s Urban–Rural Relationship After 1949 11.2.3 Value Orientation and Analytical Framework of Urban–Rural Coordination 11.3 The Role of Small and Medium Towns in Urban–Rural Relationship Transformation 11.3.1 Numerous Small and Medium Towns Are an Important Part of China’s Urban System 11.3.2 The Geographical Locations of Small and Medium Towns Make Them a Spatial Link Between Urban and Rural Areas 11.3.3 Small and Medium Towns Are Important Carriers for the Implementation of Urban–Rural Coordination Strategies 11.4 Strategies and Suggestions for Urban–Rural Coordination 11.4.1 Uncovering and Fostering Featured Township Industries 11.4.2 Strengthening and Equalizing Public Services and Infrastructure 11.4.3 Formulating Township-Level Development Strategies 11.5 Conclusion References 12 Spatial Growth of Urban and Rural Construction Land and Policy Impact Mechanism in Hangzhou 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Research Area and Method 12.2.1 Research Area 12.2.2 Data Sources 12.2.3 Methods 12.3 Result 12.3.1 Incremental Features of Urban and Rural Construction Land 12.3.2 Expansion Features of Urban and Rural Construction Land 12.3.3 Center of Gravity Transfer Features 12.4 Discussion 12.4.1 Spatial Growth Pattern of Urban and Rural Construction Land 12.4.2 Correlation of Spatial Policy Types and Role Models 12.4.3 Mechanism of Spatial Policy 12.5 Conclusion References 13 Study on China’s Adaptation Policies to Climate Change from the View of Urban and Rural Planning 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Urban and Rural Planning Under the Background of China's Mitigation Policies 13.3 Urban and Rural Planning in China's Adaptation Policies: Analysis at the National Level 13.3.1 Definition of Adaptation in Urban and Rural Planning 13.3.2 Main Areas of Urban and Rural Planning in Adaptation Policies 13.4 Urban and Rural Planning in China's Adaptation Policies: Analysis at the Regional Level 13.4.1 Overview of the Pilot Cities’ Development 13.4.2 Analysis of Urban and Rural Planning in the Representative Adaptation Pilot Cities 13.5 Discussion 13.6 Conclusion References 14 Considerations on Urban–Rural Relationship and Planning Philosophy from the Perspective of Rural Planning in Contemporary China–Discussion on the Existing Problems in Rural Planning Education 14.1 Introduction and Background 14.2 Basic Characteristics of China Rural Development——A Short Review 14.3 Difficulties Encountered by China’s Contemporary Rural Planning Based on Case Studies 14.3.1 Introduction to Case Studies 14.3.2 Insufficient Attention to the Governance System and Legal Background in Current Rural Planning 14.3.3 Neglecting Rural Land Use System in Preparation of Current Rural Planning 14.3.4 Inadequate Attention on Practical Conditions of the Village and Villagers’ Perception in Technical Means for Rural Planning and Result Expression 14.4 Problems in Rural Planning Education 14.4.1 What Should the Rural Planning Education Teach? 14.4.2 How Should the Rural Planning Education Guide the Students to Establish Value Orientation? 14.5 Discussion: Reflection on the Understanding of Urban–Rural Relationship in China by Rural Planning 14.6 Conclusions and Prospects References 15 Obstacles and Opportunities for Characteristic Town Development in Central China Area: Hubei Province Case Study 15.1 Background 15.2 Research Objectives 15.3 Analysis of Industrial Characteristics and Development Dilemma of Hubei Characteristic Towns 15.3.1 Lack of Innovation Industries 15.3.2 The GDP is Low and Industrial Development Momentum is Insufficient 15.3.3 The Population Loss 15.4 Case in Study from Northeast of Japan 15.4.1 The Comparison Between Japan and China's Urbanization Stage 15.4.2 The Similarity of Difficulties in Urbanization Process Between Northeast Japan and Hubei Province in China 15.5 Discussion 15.6 Conclusion References 16 Research on the Shaping of Landscape in Rural Cultural Heritage Based Areas Using the Optimal Solution Model 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Materials and Methodology 16.2.1 Background Information of Study Area 16.2.2 Model Construction and Verification 16.3 Results and Analysis 16.3.1 The Development of Rural Cultural Landscape Heritage 16.3.2 Analysis of the Elements of Cultural Landscapes in Rural Areas 16.3.3 Optimal Solution Model Construction and Demonstration 16.4 Discussion 16.4.1 The Shaping of the Linpan’s Settlement Landscape Formed by Gravity Irrigation in Western Sichuan 16.4.2 Cost Estimate of the Linpan’s Settlement Landscape Formed by Gravity Irrigation in Western Sichuan 16.5 Conclusion References 17 An Argument Concerning Rural Planning in Contemporary China from the Perspectives of Law, Institutional Practice and Implementation Methods 17.1 Background and Introduction 17.2 The Rank Relationship Between the Relevant Laws in Rural Planning 17.2.1 Evolutions of Rural Planning and Relevant Policies 17.2.2 The Plan-Making and Legal System of Rural Planning 17.2.3 The Coordination of Relevant Legal Relations and Reconstruction of Planning Power 17.3 Highlighting the Self-governance Characteristics of Rural Communities 17.3.1 Entrusting and Implementation Entities of Rural Planning 17.3.2 Land Right Characteristics of Rural Community 17.3.3 The Government Promotion of Rural Construction 17.4 Exploration of Spatial Language System of Rural Planning 17.4.1 Current Research and Analysis Methods 17.4.2 Problems in the Policy of Spatial Planning 17.5 Conclusion and Prospective References Volume 1 explores a more human-centered development pathway associated with the ideological shift from "quantity" to "quality" growth in the new era of Chinese urbanization. Sustainable urban and rural planning should be "people-centered" and concerned about urban-rural coordination. The authors argue that successful urban and rural development in China should promote social equity, culture diversity, economic prosperity and sustainable built form. This book prompts Chinese urbanists to reconsider and explore a sustainable and people-first planning approach with Chinese characteristics. The breadth and depth of this book is of particular interest to the faculty members, students, practitioners and the general public who are interested in subjects like urban and regional planning, rural planning, housing and community development, infrastructure planning, climate change and ecological planning, environmental planning, social equity and beyond. Volume 2 provides insights and discusses human-centered urban design and placemaking, human activities and urban mobility in China. It argues that sustainable urban design and mobility should be people-centered and concerned about place-making in the new era of Chinese urbanization. Successful urban design and placemaking should adopt interdisciplinary approaches to planning and designing space and place. A core vision is the delivery of urban spaces that can cater to the needs of an increasingly diverse crowd of urban dwellers calling cities home. The book prompts Chinese urbanists to reconsider and explore a sustainable and people-first planning and design approach with Chinese characteristics. The breadth and depth of this book is of particular interest to those faculty members, students, practitioners and the general public who are interested in subjects like urban design, transport planning, mobility analysis and planning, housing and community development, infrastructure planning, environmental planning, social equity and beyond