Human body composition in vivo methods, models, and assessment ; [proceedings of an International Symposium on In Vivo Body Composition Studies, held November 10 - 12, 1992, in Houston, Texas

This book is the compilation of papers presented at the International Symposium on In Vivo Body Composition Studies, held in Houston, Texas, November 10-12, 1992. The purpose of this conference was to report on the state-of-the-art techniques for in vivo body composition measurements and to present the most recent human data on normal body composition and changes during disease. This conference was the third in a series of meetings on body composition studies held in North America, and follows the successful meetings at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1986, and the one in Toronto in 1989. A large number of excellent research papers were offered for consideration at this Conference which demonstrates the rapid growth of the field in the last three years. However, we had to limit the presentations to approximately 90 papers which provided a broad spectrum of the applications and recent interest in the subject. The proceedings of the Brookhaven meeting "In Vivo Body Composition Studies", is published by The Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, London. The proceedings of the Toronto meeting "In Vivo Body Composition Studies" was published by Plenum Press in its basic life science series. Both these meetings placed more emphasis on technical aspects while the current Houston meeting tried to emphasize more the emerging clinical applications of these techniques. The general sessions used at the Conference for presentations forms the basis of the order of appearance of the papers in this book. Front Matter....Pages i-xvi The Companionship of Lean and Fat....Pages 1-14 Biological Homogeneity and Precision of Measurement: The Boundary Conditions for Normal in Body Composition....Pages 15-22 Determination of Body Fluid Compartments with Multiple Frequency Bioelectric Impedance....Pages 23-26 A Comparison of Body Composition Models....Pages 27-30 In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis for Body Fat: Comparisons by Seven Methods....Pages 31-34 Body Composition in the Elderly from Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Associations with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors....Pages 35-38 Comparison of Proximal and Distal Placements of Electrodes to Assess Human Body Composition by Bioelectrical Impedance....Pages 39-43 Relative Sensitivities of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and in Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis for the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis....Pages 45-48 Measurement of Regional Body Fat in Vivo in Humans by Simultaneous Detection of Regional Carbon and Oxygen, Using Neutron Inelastic Scattering at Low Radiation Exposure....Pages 49-52 Multicomponent Models in Body Composition Research: Opportunities and Pitfalls....Pages 53-58 Assessment of Body Fat: A Comparison of Techniques....Pages 59-62 Whole Body Fluid and Electrolyte Assays in “Normal” Volunteers....Pages 63-66 Use of Bioimpedance Spectroscopy to Determine Extracellular Fluid, Intracellular Fluid, Total Body Water, and Fat-Free Mass....Pages 67-70 Fat-Free Mass and Percent Body Fat Assessments by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, Densitometry and Total Body Water....Pages 71-74 Measurements of Intra-Abdominal Fat by Ultrasound and Computed Tomography: Predictive Equations in Women....Pages 75-77 Deuterium Exchange in Humans: Effect of Gender, Body Composition and Age....Pages 79-81 A Comparison of Different Prediction Equations in Determining Body Composition of Outstanding Female Gymnasts....Pages 83-84 Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese Individuals....Pages 85-86 Bone Mineral in Southwest Native American Women....Pages 87-88 Body Composition of Native-American Women Estimated by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Hydrodensitometry....Pages 89-92 The Measurement of Total Body Fat by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry: Comparison with Skinfold Anthropometry Bioelectrical Impedance and Total Body Potassium....Pages 93-94 Determination of Anatomical Skeletal Muscle Mass by Whole Body Nuclear Magnetic Resonance....Pages 95-97 Assessment of Regional Body Composition Changes by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry....Pages 99-103 Body Composition Analysis of the Pig by Magnetic Resonance Imaging....Pages 105-108 Aqueous and Mineral Fractions of the Fat-Free Body and Their Relation to Body Fat Estimates in Men and Women Aged 49–82 Years....Pages 109-113 DXA Measurements of Fat and Bone Mineral Density in Relation to Depth and Adiposity....Pages 115-119 What Does Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy (BIS) Measure?....Pages 121-123 Five-Level Model: Reconstruction of Body Weight at Atomic, Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue-System Levels from Neutron Activation Analysis....Pages 125-128 Assessment of Changes in Extra-Cellular Water and Total Body Water Using Multi-Frequency Bio-Electrical Impedance....Pages 129-132 Noninvasive Methods of Body Composition Analysis in Preterm Infants:- Comparison with Dilution of 2 H 2 18 O....Pages 133-138 Total Body Nitrogen in Prepubertal Children....Pages 139-142 Total Body Nitrogen in Idiopathic Short Stature and Chronic Diseases of Childhood....Pages 143-146 Body Composition of Infants: Human Cadaver Studies....Pages 147-152 Accuracy of DXA-Based Body Composition Measurements for Pediatric Studies....Pages 153-156 Body Composition Analysis by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Compared to Chemical Analysis of Fat, Lean and Bone Mass in Small Piglets....Pages 157-160 Bone Status and Body Fat of Healthy Newborn Caucasian Infants....Pages 161-164 The Use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Newborns. The Need for Standardization....Pages 165-168 Evaluation of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for the Assessment of Body Composition in Anorexic Females....Pages 169-172 Bone Mass and Soft Tissue Compartments in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa....Pages 173-176 Determination of Total and Regional Adipose Tissue Distribution by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Android Women....Pages 177-180 Total Body Fat and its Distribution During Human Reproduction as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging....Pages 181-184 Total Body Water Measurement by Bioelectrical Impedance in the Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant....Pages 185-188 The Use of Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimate Fluid Volume Changes as a Function of the Menstrual Cycle....Pages 189-191 Body Composition Measurements During Pregnancy....Pages 193-195 Total Body Protein Status of Males Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus....Pages 197-200 Body Composition Studies in Prader-Willi Syndrome: Effects of Growth Hormone Therapy....Pages 201-205 Effect of Refeeding and Exercise in Restoration of Body Protein in Anorexia Nervosa....Pages 207-210 Body Composition Analysis in Liver Cirrhosis. The Measurement of Body Fat by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in Comparison to Skinfold Anthropometry, Bioelectrical Impedance and Total Body Potassium....Pages 211-214 Abdominal Fat Assessment in Postmenopausal Women Receiving Hormone Replacement Therapy....Pages 215-218 The Effects of Oral Desogestrel and Estradiol Continuous Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy on Serum Lipids and Body Composition in Postmenopausal Women....Pages 219-220 A Four-Compartment Model to Determine Body Composition in Liver Cirrhosis....Pages 221-224 Consequences of Enteral Nutrition Therapy on Body Composition Changes in Acute Crohn’s Disease....Pages 225-228 CT-Determined Body Composition Changes with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment to Adults with Growth Hormone Deficiency....Pages 229-231 Hormones, Body Composition and Cardiovascular Risk....Pages 233-243 Aging Affects Body Composition: Young Versus Elderly Women Pair-Matched by Body Mass Index....Pages 245-249 Body Composition in the Elderly Using Multicompartmental Methods....Pages 251-254 Can we Improve the Diagnostic Value of Bone Mass Measurements by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry with Neutron Activation Analysis?....Pages 255-258 Body Composition and Bone Mass in Female Adolescents and Elderly Subjects Entering Exercise Programs....Pages 259-262 Changes in Body Composition Following a Very Low Calorie Diet....Pages 263-265 A Monte Carlo Program for the Determination of the Optimum Back Scatter Geometry When Measuring Mercury and Other Heavy Metals in Vivo ....Pages 267-273 In Vivo X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis with Applications to Platinum, Gold and Mercury in Man — Experiments, Improvements, and Patient Measurements....Pages 275-280 Initial Measurements of Platinum Concentration in Head and Neck Tumors Using X-Ray Fluorescence....Pages 281-284 An Upgraded 109 Cd K X-Ray Fluorescence Bone Pb Measurement....Pages 285-288 Characteristics of an Accelerator Based System for in Vivo Aluminium Measurement in Peripheral Bone....Pages 289-293 Development and Calibration of an in Vivo Bone Lead Measurement System, and its Application to an Industrially Exposed Population....Pages 295-298 In Vivo Measurements of Lead in Bone Using a 109 Cd ‘SPOT’ Source....Pages 299-302 Pilot Studies for in Vivo Bone Aluminum Measurements....Pages 303-306 X-Ray Fluorescence Determination of Gold in Vivo ....Pages 307-310 Further Observations on Lead Mobilization by Cisplatin....Pages 311-314 The in Vivo Measurement of Bone Lead Stores by 109 Cd K X-Ray Fluorescence in a Non-Human Primate ( Macaca mulatta )....Pages 315-318 Development of an in Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis Technique to Measure Bone Aluminum....Pages 319-321 A 238 Pu/Be Facility for in Vivo Cadmium Measurements....Pages 323-324 Determination of Bone Mineral Content in the Heel Bone Using a Gamma Camera....Pages 325-327 In Vitro Accuracy and Reproducibility of Bone and Soft Tissue Measurements by DXA....Pages 329-330 Effects of Meal and Its Electrolytes on Bioelectrical Impedance....Pages 331-332 The Accuracy of Dual Photon Measurements of Soft Tissue Composition....Pages 333-335 A Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis Facility for in-vivo Determination of Total Body Nitrogen and Chlorine....Pages 337-338 Triple-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for Determination of the Bone Mineral Content in Vivo ....Pages 339-340 In Vivo Measurements of Total Body Calcium by Chlorine Internal Standardization....Pages 341-342 Application of Computerized Axial Tomography in the Study of Body Composition: Evaluation of Lipid, Water, Protein, and Mineral in Healthy Men....Pages 343-344 Recent Upgrade of the in Vivo Neutron Activation Facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory....Pages 345-350 Performance of the Bismuth Germanate Total Body Chlorine Analyzer....Pages 351-354 In Vivo Fatty Acid Analysis in Humans and Animals Using Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy....Pages 355-358 The Use of High Frequency Energy Absorption to Measure Limb Musculature....Pages 359-362 Body Composition Studies by Means of Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Biomagnetometry....Pages 363-366 A Comparison between Neutron Activation and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry for the Measurement of Body Fat....Pages 367-370 Whole Body Potassium Measurements Independent of Body Size....Pages 371-375 The Effects of Body Position on Bioimpedance Spectroscopy....Pages 377-380 Accuracy of Measurements of Total-Body Soft-Tissue Composition by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Vivo....Pages 381-383 Comparisons between Hologic, Norland and Lunar Dual-Energy X-Ray Bone Absorptiometers....Pages 385-388 Validation of the Near-Infrared Interactance Method for Native Indian, Black, Hispanic and White Men 19 to 57 Years....Pages 389-392 Development of Position/Energy-Sensitive Detectors for Body Composition Measurements....Pages 393-397 Back Matter....Pages 399-400