Human Biology

Dan Chiras once again offers a refreshing and student-friendly introduction to the structure, function, health, and homeostasis of the human body in a modernized ninth edition of Human Biology. This acclaimed text explores life from a variety of levels and perspectives, including cellular/molecular, by body system, through disease, and within the environment. Dr. Chiras retains the theme of homeostasis in this edition, emphasizing the importance of maintaining health by understanding the delicate internal balances of the body's systems within the context of the external environment. The Ninth Edition features a new chapter dedicated to the integumentary system as well as new sections covering evolution, injuries and diseases of the muscles, the pineal gland, and more. New information on GMOs, immunotherapy, vertigo, brain diseases, new cancer treatments, and more thought-provoking discussions encourage students to think critically about timely and relevant information that affects their lives. The logical organization, relatable topics, and outstanding pedagogical features, make Human Biology, Ninth Edition a fun and engaging learning experience Cover Page 1 Title Page 2 Half Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication Page 6 Brief Contents 7 Contents 8 Preface 17 The Student Experience 19 Teaching Tools 22 Acknowledgments 23 About the Author 24 Study Skills 25 Part 1 Organization of Life: From Molecules to Humankind 28 Chapter 1 Principles of Human Biology, Science, and Critical Thinking 29 1-1 Health and Homeostasis 31 What Is Homeostasis? 31 Healthy Environments 32 Dimensions of Health 32 Health and Homeostasis 34 1-2 Evolution and the Characteristics of Life 34 HealthNote 1-1 Maintaining Balance: Reducing Stress in Your Life 34 Common Characteristics of Organisms 37 What Is Evolution? 38 What Makes Humans Unique? 38 1-3 Understanding Science 39 The Scientific Method 39 What Is a Theory? 42 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning 42 Science and Human Values 43 1-4 Critical Thinking 43 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World 45 1-1 Debunking the Theory of Spontaneous Generation 45 Chapter 2 An Introduction to the Chemistry of Life 50 2-1 Atoms and Subatomic Particles 51 Atoms 51 The Elements 52 Isotopes 53 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World 54 2-1 The Discovery of Radioactive Chemical Markers 54 2-2 The Making of a Molecule 54 Chemical Bonds 54 Ionic Bonds 55 Covalent Bonds 55 Polar Covalent Bonds 56 Hydrogen Bonds 57 Organic and Inorganic Compounds 58 2-3 Water, Acids, Bases, and Buffers 58 Water 58 The Dissociation of Water 59 Acids 59 Maintaining pH: Buffers 60 2-4 Overview of Other Biologically Important Molecules 60 2-5 Health and Homeostasis 61 Chapter 3 The Life of the Cell 65 3-1 Microscopes: Illuminating the Structure of Cells 66 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World 67 3-1 The Discovery of Cells 67 3-2 An Overview of Cell Structure 68 The Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Compartments 68 3-3 The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane 70 The Structure of the Plasma Membrane 70 Maintaining Homeostasis 72 Membrane Transport 74 Diffusion 74 Carrier Proteins and Diffusion 75 Active Transport 75 Endocytosis 75 Exocytosis 76 Osmosis 77 3-4 Cellular Compartmentalization: Organelles 78 The Nucleus 78 Mitochondria 79 Protein Production 80 Endoplasmic Reticulum 80 Ribosomes 81 The Golgi Complex 81 Lysosomes 82 Flagella 83 Cilia 84 Primary Cilia 85 Ameboid Movement 86 3-5 Energy and Metabolism 86 Energy Production in Cells 87 Cellular Respiration 89 Glycolysis 89 The Transition Reaction 89 The Citric Acid Cycle 89 The Electron Transport System 91 Enzymes 91 3-6 Fermentation 93 Part 2 Human Body Systems: Homeostasis and Health 98 Chapter 4 Principles of Structure and Function 99 4-1 From Cells to Organ Systems 100 Primary Tissues 100 Epithelium 100 The Marriage of Structure and Function 102 Connective Tissue 102 Connective Tissue Proper 102 Adipose Tissue 103 Specialized Connective Tissue 106 Muscle Tissue 108 Nervous Tissue 110 Organs and Organ Systems 112 4-2 Principles of Homeostasis 114 Negative Feedback 115 Sensors and Effectors 116 Upsetting Homeostasis 116 Control of Homeostasis 116 The Link between Health and Homeostasis 117 4-3 Biological Rhythms 117 Understanding Biological Rhythms 117 Control of Biological Rhythms 117 HealthNote 4-1 The Truth about Herbal Remedies 119 HealthNote 4-2 Wide Awake at 3 AM: Causes and Cures of Insomnia 120 4-4 Health and Homeostasis 121 Chapter 5 The Circulatory System 124 5-1 The Circulatory System’s Function: An Overview 125 5-2 The Heart 125 The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits 126 Heart Valves 127 Heart Sounds 128 The Heart’s Pacemaker 129 Controlling Heart Rate 130 Measuring the Heart’s Electrical Activity 130 5-3 The Blood Vessels 131 Arteries and Arterioles 131 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World 132 5-1 The Circulation of Blood in Animals 132 Capillaries 135 Veins and Venules 135 HealthNote 5-1 Modern Medicine Turns to Leeches 137 5-4 The Lymphatic System 137 5-5 Cardiovascular Diseases: Causes and Cures 138 Myocardial Infarction 138 Preventing Heart Attacks 139 Treating Heart Attacks 139 Cardiac Arrest 140 High Blood Pressure, Hypertension 141 Atherosclerosis 141 Aneurysm 141 5-6 Health and Homeostasis 143 Chapter 6 The Blood 146 6-1 Blood: An Overview 147 6-2 Blood Plasma 148 Blood as a Transport Medium 148 Regulating pH and Osmotic Pressure 149 Transport Molecules 149 6-3 Red Blood Cells 150 Structure of RBCs 150 Making New RBCs 152 Oxygen Transport 152 Anemia 153 6-4 White Blood Cells 153 Function of WBCs 153 Neutrophils 153 Monocytes 154 Lymphocytes 154 Leukemia 155 Infectious Mononucleosis 155 6-5 Blood Clotting 156 Platelets 156 Hemophilia 158 6-6 Blood Types 158 The Four Blood Types 158 Blood Transfusion 160 6-7 Health and Homeostasis 161 Chapter 7 Nutrition and the Digestive System 164 7-1 An Introduction to Nutrition 165 Macronutrients 165 Carbohydrates 166 Lipids 168 HealthNote 7-1 Lowering Your Cholesterol 171 Amino Acids and Protein 172 Overnutrition 173 Eating Disorders 175 Micronutrients 175 Vitamins 175 Minerals 178 Functional Foods 179 A Healthy You 180 Stay Away from Fat Diets and Weight-Loss Products 182 HealthNote 7-2 Twelve Weeks to a Healthy Diet 183 7-2 The Digestive System 184 The Mouth 184 The Teeth 186 The Tongue 186 Epiglottis 186 The Esophagus 188 The Stomach 189 The Small Intestine 191 Digestive Enzymes 191 The Liver and Gall Bladder 192 The Intestinal Epithelium 193 The Large Intestine 195 7-3 Controlling Digestion 197 Saliva and Salivation 197 The Gastric Glands 197 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World 198 7-1 Discovering the Nature of Digestion 198 Control of Pancreatic Secretions 198 7-4 Controlling Hunger 199 7-5 Health and Homeostasis 200 Chapter 8 The Integumentary System 204 8-1 The Skin: Epidermis and Dermis 205 Epidermis 205 Dermis 206 Skin Pigmentation 207 Age Spots 208 8-2 Sunburns and Skin Cancer 209 Preventing Skin Cancer 210 Treating Skin Cancer 210 8-3 Accessory Structures 211 Nails 211 Hairs and Hair Follicles 212 Sweat Glands 214 Sebaceous Glands and Follicles 214 Acne and Testosterone 215 8-4 Health and Homeostasis 216 Chapter 9 The Respiratory System 220 9-1 Structure of the Human Respiratory System 221 Anatomy of the Respiratory System 221 HealthNote 9-1 First Aid for Choking That May Save Someone’s Life 224 Filtering Incoming Air 225 Warming and Moistening Incoming Air 226 The Alveoli 226 9-2 Breathing and the Control of Respiration 229 Inspiration and Expiration 229 Measuring Air Flow in the Lungs 230 Control of Breathing 231 9-3 Gas Exchange in the Lungs 232 Function of the Alveoli 232 9-4 Diseases of the Respiratory System 233 Bacterial and Viral Infections 233 Asthma 235 Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema 235 9-5 Health and Homeostasis 236 HealthNote 9-2 Smoking and Health: The Deadly Connection 237 Chapter 10 The Urinary System 241 10-1 Organs of Excretion 242 10-2 The Urinary System 243 The Anatomy of the Urinary System 243 The Anatomy of the Kidney 245 The Nephron 245 10-3 Function of the Urinary System 247 Blood Filtration in the Kidney 247 Glomerular Filtration 247 Tubular Reabsorption 248 Tubular Secretion 249 10-4 Controlling Urination 249 10-5 Controlling Kidney Function and Maintaining Homeostasis 251 ADH 251 Aldosterone 252 Caffeine 253 Ethanol 253 10-6 Diseases of the Urinary System 253 Kidney Stones 254 Renal Failure 255 Diabetes Insipidus 256 10-7 Health and Homeostasis 256 Chapter 11 The Skeletal System 260 11-1 Structure and Function of the Human Skeleton 261 Axial Skeleton 262 The Appendicular Skeleton 262 11-2 Anatomy of a Bone 265 11-3 Bone Formation 267 Maintaining Calcium Levels 268 11-4 Repairing Bone Fractures 269 11-5 How Bones Meet New Stresses 270 11-6 Osteoporosis 270 HealthNote 11-1 Preventing Osteoporosis: A Prescription for Healthy Bones 271 11-7 The Joints 272 Repairing Damaged Joints 274 11-8 Joint Diseases 275 Arthritis 275 Rheumatoid Arthritis 275 11-9 Health and Homeostasis 277 Chapter 12 The Muscular System 280 12-1 The Muscular System 281 Skeletal Muscles 281 12-2 Structure of Skeletal Muscle 281 12-3 Muscle Fibers 284 12-4 Muscle Contraction 285 12-5 ATP and Muscle Contraction 287 12-6 Recruitment 288 12-7 Muscle Tone 289 12-8 Slow- and Fast-Twitch Fibers 289 12-9 Increasing Muscle Size and Endurance 290 12-10 Injuries and Diseases of Muscles 291 Muscle Spasms and Cramps 291 Muscle Injuries: Strains and Tears 291 12-11 Health and Homeostasis 293 Chapter 13 The Nervous System 296 13-1 An Overview of the Nervous System 297 The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 297 Somatic and Autonomic Divisions of the PNS 298 The Autonomic Nervous System 298 13-2 Structure and Function of the Neuron 300 The Structure of the Neuron 300 The Myelin Sheath 301 Nerve Cell Repair 301 Oxygen Sensitivity of Nerve Cells 302 Nerve Cell Impulses 302 The Action Potential 303 Nerve Cell Transmission 304 Synaptic Transmission 304 Excitation and Inhibition 304 Limiting a Neuronal Response 304 Altering Synaptic Transmission 305 HealthNote 13-1 Feeling Blue: Understanding and Treating Depression 306 HealthNote 13-2 Recreational Drug Use: Is It a Good Idea? 307 13-3 The Spinal Cord and Nerves 309 Spinal Nerves 309 Sensory and Motor Nerves 309 Interneurons 311 Damage to the Spinal Cord 311 13-4 The Brain 312 Cranial Nerves 313 The Cerebrum 313 The Primary Motor Cortex 314 The Primary Sensory Cortex 314 The Association Cortex 315 Unconscious Functions 315 The Cerebellum 316 The Thalamus 316 The Hypothalamus 316 Limbic System 316 The Brain Stem 317 Cerebrospinal Fluid 318 Measuring Electrical Activity of the Brain 318 13-5 Learning and Memory 319 Where Are Memories Stored? 319 How Are Memories Stored? 319 Maintaining Mental Acuity in Old Age 320 13-6 Diseases of the Brain 320 Headaches 320 Sciatica 321 Alzheimer’s Disease 321 Parkinson’s Disease 322 Multiple Sclerosis 322 Brain Tumors 323 13-7 Health and Homeostasis 323 Chapter 14 The Senses 327 14-1 The General and Special Senses 328 14-2 The General Senses 328 Naked Nerve Endings 328 HealthNote 14-1 Old and New Treatments for Pain 330 Encapsulated Receptors 331 Adaptation 332 14-3 Taste and Smell 332 Taste Buds 332 Primary Flavors 332 The Olfactory Epithelium 334 Smell and Taste 335 14-4 The Visual Sense: The Eye 335 Anatomy of the Eye 335 Focusing Light on the Retina 338 Visual Problems 339 14-5 Hearing and Balance: The Cochlea and Middle Ear 342 The Anatomy of the Ear 342 The Eustachian Tube 343 Structure and Function of the Cochlea 343 Hearing Loss 345 The Vestibular Apparatus 347 14-6 Health and Homeostasis 349 Chapter 15 The Endocrine System 353 15-1 Principles of Endocrinology 354 Target Cells 354 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World 355 15-1 Pancreatic Function: Is It Controlled by Nerves or Hormones? 355 Tropic and Nontropic Hormones 356 Negative Feedback Control 357 15-2 The Pituitary and Hypothalamus 357 The Anterior Pituitary 359 Growth Hormone 359 Control of Growth Hormone Section 360 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone 360 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 361 The Gonadotropins 363 Prolactin 363 The Posterior Pituitary 363 Antidiuretic Hormone 363 Oxytocin 365 15-3 The Thyroid Gland 365 Actions of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine 366 Calcitonin 367 15-4 The Parathyroid Glands 367 15-5 The Pancreas 367 Insulin 367 Glucagon 368 Diabetes Mellitus 369 Treating Diabetes 370 15-6 The Adrenal Glands 371 Adrenal Medulla 371 Adrenal Cortex 372 15-7 The Pineal Gland 373 15-8 Other Hormone-Producing Cells, Tissues, and Organs 374 15-9 Health and Homeostasis 374 Chapter 16 The Immune System 379 16-1 Viruses and Bacteria: An Introduction 380 Viruses 380 Bacteria 381 Treating Bacterial and Viral Infections 381 HealthNote 16-1 Maggots: The Latest in Medical Care? 382 16-2 The First and Second Lines of Defense 383 The First Line of Defense 383 The Second Line of Defense 383 The Inflammatory Response 384 Pyrogens, Interferons, and Complement 385 16-3 The Third Line of Defense: The Immune System 386 Antigens 387 Immunocompetence 387 B Cells and Antibodies 388 Primary Response 388 Secondary Response 389 How Antibodies Work 390 T Cells 391 Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and Immunity 393 Active and Passive Immunity 393 HealthNote 16-2 Bringing Baby Up Right: The Immunological and Nutritional Benefits of Breast Milk 395 Developing a Strong Immune System 396 Tissue Transplantation 396 Immunotherapy 397 16-4 Diseases of the Immune System 397 Allergies 397 Autoimmune Diseases 399 Lymphoma 399 16-5 Health and Homeostasis 400 A Closer Look: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 404 The Human Immunodeficiency Virus 404 Where Did HIV Come From? 404 The Rising Incidence of AIDS 405 Stages of AIDS 406 Cancer, Brain Deterioration, Tuberculosis, and HIV 409 HIV Transmission 409 Preventing the Spread of AIDS 411 Promising Developments 412 Global Progress Combatting HIV 412 HIV Vaccine 412 Chapter 17 Human Reproduction 415 17-1 The Male Reproductive System 416 The Testes 416 The Sex Accessory Glands 417 Prostate Diseases 418 Sperm Formation 419 Interstitial Cells 420 Testosterone 420 The Penis 420 Ejaculation 422 Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction 422 17-2 The Female Reproductive System 423 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 424 The External Genitalia 424 Sexual Arousal and Orgasm 424 The Ovaries 425 The Menstrual Cycle 426 Hormonal Control of Female Reproduction 427 Uterine Changes 428 Effects of Fertilization 428 Estrogen 429 Progesterone 429 Premenstrual Syndrome 429 Menopause 430 Diseases of the Female Reproductive System 430 17-3 Birth Control 431 Contraception 431 Abstinence and Surgical Sterilization 431 Hormonal Implants, IUDs, and Birth Control Pills 433 HealthNote 17-1 Breast Cancer: Early Detection Is the Key to Survival 434 Barrier Methods: Cervical Caps, Condoms, Diaphragms, and Vaginal Sponges 435 Withdrawal and the Rhythm Method 436 Male Contraceptives 436 Abortion 437 17-4 Infertility 437 17-5 Health and Homeostasis 438 A Closer Look: Sexually Transmitted Diseases 442 Chlamydia 442 Gonorrhea 443 Syphilis 443 Genital Herpes 444 Genital Warts 445 Trichomoniasis 446 Genetically Resistant STDs 446 Preventing STDs 446 Chapter 18 Human Development and Aging 448 18-1 Fertilization 449 Passage through the Female Reproductive Tract 449 Sperm Mobility 449 Sperm Penetration 449 The Block to Polyspermy 450 Zygote Formation 451 18-2 Pre-Embryonic Development 451 Implantation 451 Ectopic Pregnancy 453 Placental Hormones 454 The Amnion 455 18-3 Embryonic Development 455 18-4 Fetal Development 457 The Fetal Circulatory System 457 18-5 Birth Defects 460 18-6 Childbirth and Lactation 461 Stages of Childbirth 463 Lactation 464 HealthNote 18-1 Breast Augmentation: Balancing the Benefits and Risks 465 18-7 Changes in a Woman’s Body During Pregnancy 467 18-8 Aging and Death 467 Decline in Cell Number and Cell Function 469 Healthy Aging 469 Preventing Diseases of Old Age 470 HealthNote 18-2 Can We Reverse the Process of Aging? 470 Death 471 18-9 Health and Homeostasis 471 Part 3 Cell Division and Human Heredity 476 Chapter 19 Chromosomes, Cell Division, and the Cell Cycle 477 19-1 The Cell Cycle 478 Interphase 478 Cell Division 480 19-2 The Chromosome 481 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World 481 19-1 Unraveling the Structure and Function of DNA 481 Chromosomal Condensation 483 Chromatids and Chromosomes 484 19-3 Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis 484 Mitosis 484 Cytokinesis 486 19-4 Control of the Cell Cycle 487 Chapter 20 Principles of Human Heredity 490 20-1 Meiosis and Gamete Formation 491 Meiosis I 491 Meiosis II 491 Gamete Production 493 20-2 Principles of Heredity: Mendelian Genetics 493 Blending of Traits 494 Principle of Segregation 494 Dominant and Recessive Genes 495 Genotype and Phenotype 495 Determining Genotypes and Phenotypes 495 The Principle of Independent Assortment 497 20-3 Mendelian Genetics in Humans 497 Autosomal-Recessive Traits 497 Autosomal-Dominant Traits 499 20-4 Variations in Mendelian Genetics 500 Incomplete Dominance 500 Multiple Alleles and Codominance 501 Polygenic Inheritance 502 Crossing-Over 503 The Human Genome Project 504 20-5 Sex-Linked Genes 504 Determination of Sex 505 Recessive X-Linked Genes 505 Dominant X-Linked Genes 506 Y-Linked Genes 506 Sex-Influenced Genes 507 HealthNote 20-1 The Causes and Cures of Baldness in Men and Women 508 20-6 Chromosomal Abnormalities and Genetic Counseling 509 Defects in Chromosome Structure 512 Genetic Screening 512 Mitochondrial DNA Abnormalities 513 20-7 Health and Homeostasis 513 Chapter 21 How Genes Work 518 21-1 DNA and RNA: Macromolecules with a Mission 519 DNA Replication 521 RNA 522 RNA Synthesis 523 21-2 How Genes Work: Protein Synthesis 524 21-3 Controlling Gene Expression 528 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World 529 21-1 Unraveling the Mechanism of Gene Control 529 21-4 Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression 531 21-5 Health and Homeostasis 532 Chapter 22 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 536 22-1 Genetic Manipulation: An Overview 537 22-2 Cloning 538 22-3 Recombinant DNA Technology 539 Removing Genes 539 Mass Producing Genes 540 Producing Genes on mRNA 540 The Polymerase Chain Reaction 540 22-4 Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology 542 Treating Diseases 542 Vaccines 543 Transgenic Organisms 543 Transgenic Plants 545 Transgenic Microorganisms 546 Gene Therapy 547 Mapping the Human Genome 548 22-5 Controversies Over Genetic Engineering—Ethics and Safety Concerns 549 A Closer Look: Cancer: A Closer Look 552 What Is Cancer? 552 Metastasis 553 How Cancers Form 553 Cancer Treatments 556 New Treatments for Cancer 558 Part 4 Infectious Disease, Evolution, and Ecology 564 Chapter 23 Infectious Diseases 565 23-1 The Infectious Agents of Human Disease 566 Disease-Causing Agents 566 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World 567 23-1 The Germ Theory of Infectious Disease 567 Viruses and Bacteria 568 Eukaryotic Pathogens and Parasites 572 HealthNote 23-1 Prions: Virus-Like Infectious Agents 575 23-2 The Course of a Human Disease 576 Pathogens and Disease 576 The Signs and Symptoms of Human Disease 576 The Course of a Disease 577 23-3 How Pathogens Cause Disease 578 Enzymes and Toxins 578 HealthNote 23-2 Infectious Disease and Biofilms 579 23-4 How Infectious Diseases Are Transmitted 580 Direct Transmission Methods 581 Indirect Transmission 582 23-5 Emerging Infectious Diseases and Bioterrorism 582 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases 582 Why Are New Diseases on the Rise? 584 Bioterrorism 585 23-6 Health and Homeostasis—Staying Healthy 586 Chapter 24 Evolution 590 24-1 The Evolution of Life 591 Chemical Evolution 591 Evidence for Chemical Evolution Theory 591 The Panspermia Hypothesis 592 The First Cells 593 The Emergence of Eukaryotes 594 Evolution of Plants and Animals 594 24-2 How Evolution Works 594 Genetic Variation 595 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World 595 24-1 Debunking the Notion of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics 595 Natural Selection 596 Survival of the Fittest 597 Jumping Genes and Evolution 598 24-3 The Evidence Supporting Evolution 598 The Fossil Record 598 Homologous Structures 599 Biochemical Similarities 599 Embryologic Development 600 Experimental Evidence 600 Biogeography 601 24-4 Early Primate Evolution 601 Fossil Evidence 602 24-5 Evolution of the Australopithecines 603 24-6 Evolution of the Genus Homo 606 Homo Neanderthalensis and Homo Sapiens 606 Human Races 608 24-7 Health and Homeostasis 609 HealthNote 24-1 Well Done, Please: The Controversy over Antibiotics in Meat 609 Chapter 25 Ecology and the Environment 614 25-1 An Introduction to Ecosystems 615 The Biosphere 615 Biomes and Aquatic Life Zones 615 Ecosystems 616 Habitat 617 Niche 618 25-2 Ecosystem Function 618 Producers 618 Food Chains and Food Webs 619 Energy and Nutrient Flows 619 Trophic Levels 620 Nutrient Cycles 620 Biological Succession 624 25-3 Overshooting the Earth’s Carrying Capacity 625 Exceeding the Carrying Capacity 625 Resources 625 Pollution 626 25-4 Overpopulation: Problems and Solutions 626 Where Is Overpopulation Occurring? 626 Benefits of Reducing Population Growth 626 25-5 Resource Depletion: Eroding the Prospects of All Organisms 627 Forests 627 Soil 628 Water 628 Oil 629 25-6 Pollution 630 Global Warming and Climate Change 630 Impacts of Global Warming 630 Solutions to Global Warming 632 Acid Deposition 633 The Ozone Layer 635 25-7 Health and Homeostasis 636 Appendix A: Periodic Table of Elements 641 Appendix B: The Metric System 643 Appendix C: Analysis of Critical Thinking Scenarios from Each Chapter 645 Glossary 653 Index 687