Human Biochemistry

__Human Biochemistry, Second Edition__ provides a comprehensive, pragmatic introduction to biochemistry as it relates to human development and disease. Here, Gerald Litwack, award-wining researcher and longtime teacher, discusses the biochemical aspects of organ systems and tissue, cells, proteins, enzymes, insulins and sugars, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids, polypeptides, steroids, and vitamins and nutrition, among other topics. Fully updated to address recent advances, the new edition features fresh discussions on hypothalamic releasing hormones, DNA editing with CRISPR, new functions of cellular prions, plant-based diet and nutrition, and much more. Grounded in problem-driven learning, this new edition features clinical case studies, applications, chapter summaries, and review-based questions that translate basic biochemistry into clinical practice, thus empowering active clinicians, students and researchers. Title page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication About the author Preface Introduction Chapter 1. Organ Systems and Tissues Abstract Treatment of the Injured Knee: Use of Stem Cells to Replace Damaged Cartilage Development of Organs Gross Structures and Functions of Organ Systems Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 2. The Cell Abstract Cellular Trafficking in Alzheimer’s Disease Cell Membrane Nucleus and Cell Division Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Peroxisome Lysosome Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 3. Introductory Discussion on Water, pH, Buffers, and General Features of Receptors, Channels, and Pumps Abstract Diabetes Insipidus Thirst and Arginine Vasopressin Action of Arginine Vasopressin on the Distal Kidney Tubule Water and Biological Roles Water Channels: Aquaporins The Role of Water in Protein Folding Protein–Water Interactions in Enzymatic Reactions Metabolic Water Proton Transfer in Liquid Water The Concentration of Hydrogen Ions (Protons) in Solution (pH) Buffers Receptors Ion Channels Enzymatic Pumping Mechanism Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 4. Proteins Abstract Prion Disease, A Disease of Protein Conformational Change Amino Acids Proteins Protein Classification Proteomics Protein Microarray Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 5. Enzymes Abstract Diagnostic Enzymology General Aspects of Catalysis Classification Coenzymes Prosthetic Groups Enzyme Filamentation in Cellular Regulation Drugs That Operate as Enzyme Inhibitors Enzyme Replacement Therapy—Gaucher Disease Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 6. Insulin and Sugars Abstract Diabetes Insulin The Pancreatic β-Cell and Insulin Secretion Detrimental Effects of Diabetes Synthetic Sweeteners Chemistry of Simple Sugars Glucose Transport Pentose Phosphate Pathway Conversion of Ribose to Deoxyribose Carbohydrate Constituents of Proteins—Glycoproteins Transfer of Nucleotide Sugars Into the Golgi Cisternae Sugars in Blood Group Proteins Enzymatic Conversion of A and B Blood Types to Type O (Universal Donor) Lactose Intolerance Glycobiology Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 7. Glycogen and Glycogenolysis Abstract Glycogen Storage Disease Type I, von Gierke Disease (and Others: At Least 11 Types of Glycogen Storage Disease) Glycogen—The Storage Carbohydrate Glucose Metabolism in Muscle Glycogenin and Formation of Glycogen Glycogenolysis (Releasing Glucose from Glycogen) Hormonal Control of Glycogen Metabolism and Blood Glucose Level Different Glucose Transporters in Different Tissues Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 8. Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Abstract Hemolytic Anemia: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (A Rare Disease) Phosphofructokinase Enzymes Involved in the Conversion of Fructose-6-Phosphate to Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth—The Warburg Effect Gluconeogenesis Alanine Cycle Glucose Can Be Formed From Glycerol Small-Molecule Regulation of Gluconeogenesis Glucose Transporters Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 9. Lipids Abstract Hypercholesterolemia Biosynthesis of Cholesterol Inhibition of Liver HMG-CoA Reductase by Drugs (Statins) The ARH Protein Bile Acids Fatty Acids and Fat Properties of Lipoproteins Lipid Anchoring of Proteins to Membranes Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Case Study Chapter 10. Nucleic Acids and Molecular Genetics Abstract Huntington’s Disease, A Single-Gene Mutation Purines and Pyrimidines Base Pairing The Structure of DNA Biosynthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines Purine Interconversions Catabolism of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Salvage Pathway Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis DNA Mutations and Damage Epigenetics Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 11. Protein Biosynthesis Abstract Defects in Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation and Disease: Deficiency in Mitochondrial Translation Protein Synthesis in the Mitochondrion Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy With Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-Like Episodes Protein Synthesis Directed by the Nucleus The Ribosome Proteins Synthesized in the Cytoplasm but Destined for the Mitochondria Proteins Destined for the Nucleus Proteins Destined for Other Sites, Including the Plasma Membrane and Secretion from the Cell Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 12. Transcription Abstract Congenital Heart Disease: Mutations of Transcription Factors Transcription Factors Control Heart Development Transcription Factors Involved in Cardiac Hypertrophy Transcription Factors and the Transcription Complex Enhancers Coactivators and Corepressors The Glucocorticoid Receptor as a Model Transcription Factor The Inactive Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Cytoplasm and Its Activation Classes of Nuclear Receptors Cell Membrane Receptors Receptor Isoforms Chromatin Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Case Study Chapter 13. Metabolism of Amino Acids Abstract Urea Cycle–Related Disease: Hyperammonemia The Urea Cycle Amino Acid Metabolism: Amino and Amide Group Transfers Transamination Transamidation Deamination Oxidation of Amino Acids Amino Acid Racemization L-Amino Acid Decarboxylation Metabolism of Amino Acids to Active Substances Catabolism of Amino Acids Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 14. Metabolism of Fat, Carbohydrate, and Nucleic Acids Abstract Gaucher’s Disease: Most Common Lipid Storage Disease Lipid Metabolism Carbohydrate Metabolism The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Citric Acid Cycle, or Kreb’s Cycle Nucleic Acid Metabolism Overview of Metabolism Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 15. Polypeptide Hormones Abstract Panhypopituitarism: Malfunction of the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–End Organ Axis Hormonal Signaling Pathways Models of Hormone Action of Anterior Pituitary Hormones Orexins (Hypocretins): Hypothalamic Hormones Controlling Sleep and Feeding Adiponectin From Adipose (Fat) Tissue Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 16. Steroid Hormones Abstract Stress Nociceptin Responses to Stress Production of High Levels of Cortisol (Cushing’s Disease) and Subnormal Levels of Cortisol (Addison’s Disease) Adrenal Cortex Structures of Steroid Hormone Receptors Coactivators and Corepressors Physiological Functions of Steroid Hormones From Specific Receptor Knockouts Steroid Transporting Proteins in Plasma Enzymatic Inactivation of Cortisol Cortisol and Aldosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone Structural Considerations of Steroid Hormones Receptor Activation Vitamin D Hormone Thyroid Hormone Environmental Xenobiotics That Agonize or Antagonize the Estrogen Receptor Cross talk Between Steroid Receptors and Peptide Hormones Sex Hormones Peroxisome Proliferators and Their Receptors Glucocorticoid Induction of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 17. Growth Factors and Cytokines Abstract Prospects for Cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand and Ovarian Cancer The Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Growth Factors Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 18. Membrane Transport Abstract Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) and Aberrant Ion Transport Types of Membrane Transport Fatty Acid Transport Proteins Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Epithelial Sodium Conductance Channel Multidrug Resistance Channel (MDR): A Member of the Adenosine Triphosphate–Binding Cassette Transporter Superfamily Blood–Brain Barrier Summary Multiple-Choice Questions Case Study Suggested Reading Chapter 19. Micronutrients (Metals and Iodine) Abstract Iron-deficiency Anemia Uptake of Iron During Digestion Hepcidin, A Peptide Hormone, Is the Principal Regulator of Iron Homeostasis Hemojuvelin, An Anchored Membrane Protein Stimulates Hepcidin Transcription Through Bone Morphogenic (Morphogenetic) Proteins and Smad Heme Synthesis Hemoglobin Formation Trace Elements Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 20. Vitamins and Nutrition Abstract Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamins Thiamine (Vitamin B1, Aneurine) Addiction Fat-Soluble Vitamins Eye Health The Vegan Diet The Ketogenic (Keto) Diet and Weight Loss The Mediterranean Diet: Probably the Healthiest Diet Dietary Considerations in Chronic Kidney Disease Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Case Study Chapter 21. Blood and Lymphatic System Abstract Deep Vein Thrombosis Factor V Leiden Blood-Clotting Mechanism Blood Transport of Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Degradation of the Red Blood Cell Bilirubin Blood Cells Blood Proteins Blood Type and Rh Factor Origin of Nonself Blood Type Antibodies Rh Antigen Lymphatic System Thymosin Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions List of Abbreviations Appendix 1. Abbreviations of the Common Amino Acids Appendix 2. The Genetic Code Appendix 3. Weights and Measures Appendix 4. Case Based Problems Discussion Chapter 1: Organ Systems and Tissues Chapter 2: The Cell Chapter 3: Introductory Discussion on Water, pH, Buffers, and General Features of Receptors, Channels, and Pumps Chapter 4: Proteins Chapter 5: Enzymes Chapter 6: Insulin and Sugars Chapter 7: Glycogen and Glycogenolysis Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Chapter 9: Lipids Chapter 9: Case Study Chapter 10: Nucleic Acids and Molecular Genetics Chapter 11: Protein Biosynthesis Chapter 12: Transcription Chapter 12: Case Study Chapter 13: Metabolism of Amino Acids Chapter 14: Metabolism of Fat, Carbohydrate, and Nucleic Acids Chapter 15: Polypeptide Hormones Chapter 16: Steroid Hormones Chapter 17: Growth Factors and Cytokines Chapter 18: Membrane Transport Chapter 18: Case Study Chapter 19: Micronutrients (Metals and Iodine) Chapter 20: Vitamins and Nutrition Chapter 20: Case Study Chapter 21: Blood and Lymphatic System Index ••Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Biochemistry•• Human Biochemistry, Second Edition provides a comprehensive, pragmatic introduction to biochemistry as it relates to human development and disease. Here, Gerald Litwack, award-wining researcher and longtime teacher, discusses the biochemical aspects of organ systems and tissue, cells, proteins, enzymes, insulins and sugars, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids, polypeptides, steroids, and vitamins and nutrition, among other topics. Fully updated to address recent advances, the new edition features fresh discussions on hypothalamic releasing hormones, DNA editing with CRISPR, new functions of cellular prions, plant-based diet and nutrition, and much more. Grounded in problem-driven learning, this new edition features clinical case studies, applications, chapter summaries, and review-based questions that translate basic biochemistry into clinical practice, thus empowering active clinicians, students and researchers.Presents an update on a past edition winner of the 2018 Most Promising New Textbook (College) Award (Texty) from the Textbook and Academic Authors Association and the PROSE Award of the Association of American PublishersProvides a fully updated resource on current research in human and medical biochemistryIncludes clinical case studies, applications, chapter summaries and review-based questionsAdopts a practice-based approach, reflecting the needs of both researchers and clinically oriented readers "Human Biochemistry' includes clinical case studies and applications that are useful to medical, dentistry and pharmacy students. It enables users to practice for future careers as both clinicians and researchers. The book also provides extensive online support for students to assist with further understanding and comprehension of advanced concepts, including sample questions that will help them prepare for medical exams. In addition, instructor's ancillaries include PowerPoint presentations and testbanks. Offering immediate application of biochemical principles into clinical terms in an updated way, this book is the unparalleled textbook for medical biochemistry courses in medical, dental and pharmacy programs."-- Provided by publisher