How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922-1945 (A Centennial Book)

Italy has been made; now we need to make the Italians, goes a familiar Italian saying. Mussolini was the first head of state to include women in this mandate. How the fascist dictatorship defined the place of women in modern Italy and how women experienced the Duce's rule are the subjects of Victoria de Grazia's new work. De Grazia draws on an array of sources--memoirs and novels, the images, songs, and events of mass culture, as well as government statistics and archival reports. She offers a broad yet detailed characterization of Italian women's ambiguous and ambivalent experience of a regime that promised modernity, yet denied women emancipation.Always attentive to the great diversity among women and careful to distinguish fascist rhetoric from the practices that really shaped daily existence, the author moves with ease from the public discourse about femininity to the images of women in propaganda and commercial culture. She analyzes fascist attempts to organize women and the ways in which Mussolini's intentions were received by women as social actors. The first study of women's experience under Italian fascism, this is also a history of the making of contemporary Italian society. "Italy has been made; now we need to make the Italians," is a long-familiar Italian saying. Mussolini was the first head of government to include women in this mandate. What the fascist dictatorship expected of its female subjects and how they experienced the Duce's brutal but seductive rule are the main topics of Victoria de Grazia's new book. The author draws on an unusual array of sources--memoirs, novels, and reports on the images and events of mass culture, as well as government statistics and archival accounts--to present a broad yet detailed characterization of Italian women's ambiguous and ambivalent experience of a regime that promised women modernity, yet denied them freedom. Always attentive to the great diversity among women and careful to distinguish fascist rhetoric from the practices actually shaping daily existence, de Grazia moves with ease from the public discourse about maternity and family life to the images of femininity in commercial culture. The first study of women's experience under Italian fascism, this book offers a compelling treatment of the making of contemporary Italian society. With acute comparisons between the sexual politics of Italian fascism and developments elsewhere, including Hitler's Germany, de Grazia illuminates trends and dilemmas common to the construction of female citizenship in twentieth-century societies "Italy has been made; now we need to make the Italians," goes a familiar Italian saying. Mussolini was the first head of state to include women in this mandate. How the fascist dictatorship defined the place of women in modern Italy and how women experienced the Duce 's rule are the subjects of Victoria de Grazia's new work. De Grazia draws on an array of sourcesmemoirs and novels, the images, songs, and events of mass culture, as well as government statistics and archival reports. She offers a broad yet detailed characterization of Italian women's ambiguous and ambivalent experience of a regime that promised modernity, yet denied women emancipation. Always attentive to the great diversity among women and careful to distinguish fascist rhetoric from the practices that really shaped daily existence, De Grazia moves with ease from the public discourse about femininity to the images of women in propaganda and commercial culture. She analyzes fascist attempts to organize women and the ways in which Mussolini's intentions were received by women as social actors. The first study of women's experience under Italian fascism, this is also a history of the making of contemporary Italian society.

"For the common reader as well as the professional one, Victoria de Grazia opens doors and sheds new light on a fascinating subject."—Mary Gordon, author of The Other Side

Publishers Weekly

This noteworthy study reveals how the regime of Il Ducein web , Benito Mussolini, systematically sought to prevent Italian women from experiencing emancipation even as he heralded the advent of the ``new Italian woman'' ( nuova italiana ). Analyzing the deep conflict between modernity and traditional patriarchal authority, de Grazia defines the emerging ideals of Italian womanhood in the 1920s and '30s when Catholic, Fascist and commercial models of conduct competed to shape women's perceptions of themselves and of their society. The author, who teaches history at Rutgers, has much to say about the quasi-religious cult of Ducismo, about Fascism's ``virilist'' politics and about the exaggerated machismo of a regime that taxed celibate men to pay for child welfare programs. The product of meticulous research and deep contemplation, the book is an important contribution to women's studies. Illustrations. (Jan.)

Focuses on how the fascist dictatorship defined the place of women in modern Italy and how women experienced the Duce's rule. This work offers a detailed characterization of Italian women's ambiguous and ambivalent experience of a regime that promised modernity, yet denied women emancipation. The generation of Italian women that came of age in the 1930s, as Irene Brin saw it, was "noisy, ingenuous, and sad."