Housing, land, and property restitution rights of refugees and displaced persons : laws, cases, and materials

The legal recognition of the housing, land, and property rights of refugees and displaced persons has expanded steadily in recent years as the realization has grown that securing these rights will be beneficial to long-term peace, stability, economic vitality and justice. This volume, first published in 2007, contains more than 240 of the laws, cases and materials that have been adopted during the past century, which accord those unjustly and arbitrarily displaced from their homes and lands with rights: not simply to return to their countries or places of origin, but to return to the original home, land or property from which they were initially forced to flee. The breadth of the restitution standards found within this volume, combined with selected examples of case law and other materials, are a clear indication that a right to housing, land, and property restitution for refugees and displaced persons has emerged within the global legal domain. Cover 1 Half-title 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Dedication 7 Contents 9 Acknowledgments 19 Preface 21 PART ONE Housing and Property Restitution Standards – International 25 1. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 25 INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 25 1.1. Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs ofWar on Land (1907) 25 1.2. Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949) 25 1.3. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol 1) (1977) 26 1.4. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Con.icts Protocol II) (1977) 27 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 27 1.5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948) 27 1.6. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965) 28 1.7. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) 28 1.8. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) 28 1.9. Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989) 29 1.10. Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989) 30 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 30 1.11. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) 30 INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW 35 1.12. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) 35 1.13. Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967) 35 1.14. International Law Commission’s Draft 36 SPECIFIC RESTITUTION STANDARDS 37 1.15. ‘Pinheiro’ Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons (2005) 37 1.16. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (2005) 44 2. PEACE AGREEMENTS 49 2.1. Cambodia – Agreement on a Comprehensive Political Settlement on the Cambodia Con.ict (1991) 49 2.2. El Salvador – Peace Agreement between the Frente FarabundoMart para la Liberaci ́on Nacional (1992) 52 2.3. Mozambique – The Rome Process: General Peace Agreement forMozambique 1992) 54 2.4. Liberia – Cotonou Agreement (1993) 54 2.5. Rwanda – Arusha Peace Agreement (1993) 55 2.6. Bosnia-Herzegovina – General Framework Agreement on Peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Dayton Peace Agreement) – Annex 7: Agreement on Refugees... 55 2.7. Guatemala – Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1995) 58 2.8. Croatia – The Erdut Agreement (1995) 60 2.9. Tajikistan General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord – Protocol on Refugee Issues (1997) 61 2.10. Sierra Leone – Lom Peace Agreement 1999) 62 2.11. Burundi – Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi (2000) 62 2.12. Ethiopia and Eritrea – Agreement between the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Government of the State of Eritrea (2000) 65 2.13. Liberia – Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of Liberia and the Liberians United for Reconciliation... 67 2.14. Sudan – Comprehensive Peace Agreement – Agreement on Wealth Sharing during the Pre-Interim and Interim Period (2004) 67 3. VOLUNTARY REPATRIATION AGREEMENTS 69 3.1. Socialist Republic of Vietnam and UNHCR (1988) 69 3.2. Republic of South Africa and UNHCR 1991) 70 3.3. Guatemala and UNHCR (1991) 70 3.4. United Republic of Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo and UNHCR (1991) 70 3.5. Islamic State of Afghanistan, Republic of Iran and UNHCR (1992) 71 3.6. Republic ofMozambique, Zimbabwe and UNHCR (1993) 71 3.7. Union ofMyanmar and UNHCR (1993) 71 3.8. Abkhazia, Georgia, Russian Federation and UNHCR (1994) 72 3.9. United Republic of Tanzania, Republic of Rwanda and UNHCR (1995) 75 3.10. Republic of Angola and UNHCR (1995) 75 3.11. Republic of Liberia and UNHCR (1996) 76 3.12. Republic of Burundi, United Republic of Tanzania and UNHCR (2001) 76 3.13. The French Republic, the Islamic Transitional State of Afghanistan and UNHCR (2002) 77 3.14. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Transitional Administration of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan and UNHCR (2002) 78 3.15. The Islamic Transitional State of Afghanistan, the Government of the Netherlands and UNHCR (2003) 78 3.16. Republic of Zambia, Republic of Rwanda and UNHCR (2003) 79 3.17. Islamic Republic of Iran, the Islamic Transitional State of Afghanistan and UNHCR (2003) 79 3.18. Republic of Rwanda, Republic of Uganda and UNHCR (2003) 79 3.19. Republic of Burundi, Republic of Rwanda and UNHCR (2005) 80 3.20. Republic of Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and UNHCR (2006) 80 4. UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) 80 4.1. EXCOMConclusion No. 18 – Voluntary Repatriation (1980) 80 4.2. EXCOMConclusion No. 40 – Voluntary Repatriation (1985) 81 4.3. EXCOMConclusion No. 101 – Legal Safety Issues in the Context of Voluntary Repatriation of Refugees (2004) 82 4.4. UNHCR Inter-Office Memorandum No. 104/2001, UNHCR Field Office Memorandum No. 101/2001 (2001) – Voluntary Repatriation... 85 4.5. Global Consultations on International Protection (2002) 95 5. UN SECURITY COUNCIL 97 5.1. Resolution 237 – The Situation in the Middle East (1967) 97 5.2. Resolution 242 – Middle East (1967) 98 5.3. Resolution 361 – Cyprus (1974) 98 5.4. Resolution 674 – Kuwait (1990) 98 5.5. Resolution 687 – Kuwait (1991) 98 5.6. Resolution 752 – Yugoslavia (1992) 99 5.7. Resolution 787 – Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992) 100 5.8. Resolution 820 – Yugoslavia (1993) 100 5.9. Resolution 853 – Azerbaijan (1993) 100 5.10. Resolution 876 – Georgia (1993) 100 5.11. Resolution 947 – Croatia (1994) 100 5.12. Resolution 971 – Georgia/Abkhazia (1995) 100 5.13. Resolution 999 – Tajikistan (1995) 101 5.14. Resolution 1009 – Croatia (1995) 101 5.15. Resolution 1019 – Croatia (1995) 101 5.16. Resolution 1036 – Georgia/Abkhazia (1996) 101 5.17. Resolution 1079 – Croatia (1996) 102 5.18. Resolution 1088 – Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996) 102 5.19. Resolution 1120 – Croatia (1997) 102 5.20. Resolution 1145 – Croatia (1997) 103 5.21. Resolution 1199 – Kosovo (1998) 103 5.22. Resolution 1244 – Kosovo (1999) 104 5.23. Resolution 1287 – Abkhazia and the Republic of Georgia (2000) 104 5.24. Resolution 1339 – Georgia (2001) 105 5.25. Resolution 1357 – Bosnia and Herzegovina (2001) 105 5.26. Resolution 1364 – Georgia (2001) 105 5.27. Resolution 1393 – Georgia (2002) 106 5.28. Resolution 1427 – Georgia (2002) 106 5.29. Resolution 1462 – Georgia (2003) 106 5.30. Resolution 1491 – Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003) 107 5.31. Resolution 1494 – Georgia (2003) 107 5.32. Resolution 1524 – Georgia (2004) 108 5.33. Resolution 1545 – Burundi (2004) 108 5.34. Resolution 1551 – Bosnia and Herzegovina (2004) 109 5.35. Resolution 1556 – Sudan (2004) 109 5.36. Resolution 1575 – Bosnia and Herzegovina (2004) 109 5.37. Resolution 1582 – Georgia (2005) 109 5.38. Resolution 1615 – Georgia (2005) 110 6. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY 111 6.1. Resolution 8 – Question of Refugees (1946) 111 6.2. Resolution 194 – United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Protection and a Durable Solution for Palestinian Refugees (1948) 111 6.3. Resolution 394 – Palestine: Progress Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine; Repatriation or Resettlement of Palestine Refugees... 113 6.4. Resolution 428 – Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1950) 113 6.5. Addendum to De.nition of a “Refugee” under Paragraph 11 of the General Assembly Resolution (11 December 1948) (1951) 113 6.6. Resolution 1388 – Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1959) 115 6.7. Resolution 1390 – World Refugee Year (1959) 115 6.8. Resolution 1672 – Refugees from Algeria inMorocco and Tunisia (1961) 115 6.9. Resolution 3212 – Question of Cyprus (1974) 116 6.10. Resolution 3236 – Question of Palestine (1974) 116 6.11. Resolution 35/124 – International Cooperation to Avert New Flows of Refugees (1980) 116 6.12. Resolution 36/146 – United Nations Relief andWorks Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (1981) 116 6.13. Resolution 36/148 – International Co-Operation to Avert New Flows of Refugees (1981) 117 6.14. Resolution 37/120 – United Nations Relief andWorks Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (1982) 119 6.15. Resolution 40/165 – United Nations Relief andWorks Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (1985) 119 6.16. Resolution 48/117 – International Conference on Central American Refugees (1993) 120 6.17. Resolution 48/118 – Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa (1993) 120 6.18. Resolution 48/152 – Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan (1993) 121 6.19. Resolution 49/23 – Emergency International Assistance for a Solution to the Problem of Refugees, the Restoration of Total Peace... 122 6.20. Resolution 49/43 – The Situation in the Occupied Territories of Croatia (1994) 122 6.21. Resolution 49/196 – Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia and the... 122 6.22. Resolution 50/182 – Human Rights andMass Exoduses (1995) 123 6.23. Resolution 51/114 – Situation of Human Rights in Rwanda (1996) 123 6.24. Resolution 51/126 – Persons Displaced as a Result of the June 1967 and Subsequent Hostilities (1996) 123 6.25. Resolution 55/153 – Nationality of Natural Persons in Relation to the Succession of States (2000) 124 6.26. Resolution 59/117 – Assistance to Palestine Refugees (2004) 124 6.27. Resolution 59/170 – Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2004) 124 6.28. Resolution 59/172 – Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa (2004) 125 6.29. Resolution 60/100 – Assistance to Palestinian Refugees (2005) 125 6.30. Resolution 60/101 – Persons Displaced as a Result of the June 1967 and Subsequent Hostilities (2005) 126 6.31. Resolution 60/103 – Palestine Refugees’ Properties and Their Revenues (2005) 126 6.32. Resolution 60/147 – Basic Principles and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International... 127 6.33. Resolution 60/183 – Permanent Sovereignty of the Palestinian People in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem, and of the Arab Population in the... 128 7. UN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 129 7.1. Resolution 1993/77 – Forced Evictions (1993) 129 7.2. Resolution 1997/29 – The Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights... 131 7.3. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998) 131 7.4. Resolution 1999/33 – The Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental... 132 7.5. Report of the Independent Expert on the Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights... 133 7.6. Resolution 2000/62 – Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations... 136 7.7. Resolution 2003/34 – The Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (2003) 137 7.8. Resolution 2004/28 – Prohibition of Forced Evictions (2004) 138 7.9. Resolution 2004/34 – The Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (2004) 139 7.10. Resolution 2004/55 – Internally Displaced Persons (2004) 140 7.11. Resolution 2005/46 – Internally Displaced Persons (2005) 141 8. UN SUB-COMMISSION ON THE PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 141 8.1. Study Concerning the Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation... 141 8.2. Resolution 1994/24 – The Right to Freedom ofMovement (1994) 143 8.3. Resolution 1995/13 – The Right to Freedom ofMovement (1995) 144 8.4. Resolution 1997/31 – The Right to Return (1997) 144 8.5. Resolution 1998/9 – Forced Evictions (1998) 144 8.6. Resolution 1998/26 – Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (1998) 146 8.7. The Return of Refugees’ or Displaced Persons’ Property –Working Paper Submitted by Mr. Paulo S ́ergio Pinheiro (2002) 147 8.8. Resolution 2002/7 – Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of Refugees and Other Displaced Persons (2002) 156 8.9. Resolution 2002/30 – The Right to Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (2002) 157 8.10. Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons – Preliminary Report of the... 159 8.11. Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons – Progress Report... 171 8.12. Resolution 2004/2 – Housing and Property Restitution (2004) 181 8.13. Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons – Final Report of the... 182 8.14. Resolution 2005/21 – Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons (2005) 184 9. UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY BODIES 184 9.1. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 184 9.1.1. General Comment 4 – The Right to Adequate Housing (1991) 184 9.1.2. General Comment 7 – Forced Evictions and the Right to Adequate Housing (1997) 188 9.2. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 192 9.2.1. General Recommendation 22 – Article 5 and Refugees and Displaced Persons (1996)139 192 9.2.2. General Recommendation 23 – Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1997) 192 9.3. Human Rights Committee 193 9.3.1. General Comment 16 – The Right to Respect of Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence, and Protection of Honour and Reputation (Art. 17) (1988)... 193 9.3.2. General Comment 27 – Freedom ofMovement (1999) 195 10. ADDITIONAL STANDARDS 198 10.1. The Cairo Declaration of Principles of International Law on Compensation to Refugees (1993) 198 10.2. The Practice of Forced Evictions: Comprehensive Human Rights Guidelines on Development-Based Displacement (1997) 200 PART TWO Housing and Property Restitution Standards – Regional 205 1. AFRICA 205 1.1. OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (1974) 205 2. AMERICAS 205 2.1. American Convention on Human Rights 1969) 205 2.2. Cartagena Declaration on Refugees (1984) 206 3. EUROPE 206 3.1. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) 206 4. MIDDLE EAST 207 4.1. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) 207 4.2. Declaration on the Protection of Refugees and Displaced Persons in the Arab World 1992) 208 4.3. Arab Charter on Human Rights (1994) 210 PART THREE Housing and Property Restitution Laws and Standards – National 211 1. AFGHANISTAN 211 1.1. Decree on Digni.ed Return of Refugees 2001) 211 1.2. Decree 89 of the Head of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan, Regarding the Creation of a Special Property Disputes Resolution Court (2003) 212 2. ALBANIA 213 2.1. Law No. 9235 on Restitution and Compensation of Property (2004) 213 3. ARMENIA 221 3.1. On the Legal and Socio-economic Guarantees for the PersonsWho Had Been Forcibly Displaced from the Republic of Azerbaijan in 1988–1992 and... 221 4. AZERBAIJAN 221 4.1. Law on the Social Protection of Internally Displaced Persons and Persons with Equal Status (1999) 221 5. BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 222 5.1. Law on the Cessation of Application of the Law on the Use of Abandoned Property Republika Srpska) (1996) 222 5.2. PIC Sintra Declaration (1997) 228 5.3. Office of the High Commissioner, Federation Forum, Chairman’s Conclusions (1997) 229 5.4. Law on Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees (Republika Srpska) (1999) 230 5.5. Law on Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons... 233 5.6. Property Law Implementation Plan (PLIP) Inter-Agency Framework Document (2000) 236 5.7. A New Strategic Direction: ProposedWays Ahead for Property Law Implementation in a Time of Decreasing IC International Community] Resources (2002) 246 5.8. PLIPMunicipal Guidelines for Substantial Completion of Property Law Implementation (2003) 253 5.9. Law on the Cessation of the Application of the Law on Temporary Abandoned Real Property Owned by Citizens (Federation BiH) (2003) 254 5.10. Law on the Cessation of the Application of the Law on Abandoned Apartments (Federation BiH) (2003) 261 5.11. Law on the Cessation of Application of the Law on the Use of Abandoned Property Republika Srpska) (2003) 271 5.12. Law on Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees (Federation of BiH) (2003) 287 5.13. Law on Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees Republika Srpska) (2003) 290 5.14. Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees – Book of Regulations on Con.rmation of Occupancy Rights... 293 5.15. Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees – Book of Regulations on the Conditions and DecisionMaking... 301 6. BULGARIA 312 6.1. Restitution of Nationalised Real Property Act (1992) 312 6.2. Decree No. 60 on Applying Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Restitution of Nationalised Real Property Act (1992) 314 7. COLOMBIA 315 7.1. Decree No. 2007 (2001) 315 8. ESTONIA 318 8.1. Republic of Estonia Principles of Ownership ReformAct (1991) 318 9. GEORGIA 330 9.1. Law of the Republic of Georgia Concerning Internally Displaced People (1996) 330 9.2. Law of Georgia on Property Restitution and Compensation on the Territory of Georgia for the Victims of Con.ict in Former South Ossetia District (2006, Draft) 330 10. GERMANY 341 10.1. Joint Declaration by the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic on the Settlement of Unresolved Property Issues (1990) 341 11. IRAQ 342 11.1. Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 6 – Eviction of Persons Illegally Occupying Public Buildings (2003) 342 11.2. Coalition Provisional Authority Regulation Number 4 – Establishment of the Iraqi Property Reconciliation Facility (2004) 343 11.3. Coalition Provisional Authority Regulation Number 12 – Iraqi Property Claims Commission (2004) 344 11.4. Statute of the Commission for the Resolution of Real Property Disputes (2006) 358 12. KOSOVO 364 12.1. UNMIK Regulation 1999/10 on the Repeal of Discriminatory Legislation Affecting Housing and Rights in Property (1999) 364 12.2. UNMIK Regulation 1999/23 on the Establishment of the Housing and Property Directorate and the Housing and Property Claims Commission (1999) 365 12.3. UNMIK Regulations 2000/60 on Residential Property Claims and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the Housing and Property... 366 13. ROMANIA 377 13.1. Law No. 112 Regulating the Legal Status of Certain Residential Property (1995) 377 14. RWANDA 378 14.1. Ministerial Order No. 01 – Regarding the TemporaryManagement of Land Property (1996) 378 15. SOUTH AFRICA 379 15.1. Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 (1994) 379 15.2. South Africa Constitution (1996) 380 16. TAJIKISTAN 381 16.1. The Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on ForcedMigrants (1994) 381 16.2. Resolution No. 542 – Additional Measures Facilitating the Return of Refugees-Citizens of the Republic of Tajikistan and ForcedMigrants to the Places... 382 PART FOUR Housing and Property Restitution Case Law 383 1. PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 383 1.1. The Factory at Chorzow ́ (Indemnity) Case (1928) 383 2. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 385 2.1. Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of aWall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2004) 385 3. HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE 386 3.1. Simunek, Hastings, Tuzilova and Prochazka v. The Czech Republic (1995) 386 3.2. Dr. Karel Des FoursWalderode v. The Czech Republic (1996) 393 3.3. Josef Frank Adam v. The Czech Republic (1996) 397 3.4. Ms. Eliska Fabryov ́a ́ v. The Czech Republic (1997) 402 3.5. Robert Brok v. The Czech Republic (2001) 404 3.6. Miroslav Blazek, George A. Hartman and George Krizek v. The Czech Republic (2001) 408 4. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 412 4.1. Sporrong and Lonnroth ̈ v. Sweden (1982) 412 4.2. Lithgow and Others v. United Kingdom (1986) 418 4.3. Papamichalopoulos and Others v. Greece (1993) 431 4.4. Loizidou v. Turkey (1996) and Damages (1998) 436 4.5. Zubani v. Italy (1996) 447 4.6. Akdivar and Others v. Turkey (1996) and Damages (1998) 451 4.7. Guillemin v. France (1997) 458 4.8. Brumarescu v. Romania (1999) 461 4.9. Bilgin v. Turkey (2000) 465 4.10. Zwierzynski ́ v. Poland (2001) 467 4.11. Cyprus v. Turkey (2001) 472 4.12. Dulas v. Turkey (2001) 482 4.13. Orhan v. Turkey ( 2002) 485 4.14. Zvolsk ́y and Zvolsk ́a v. The Czech Republic (2003) 485 4.15. Jasiunien ̄e ̇ v. Lithuania (2003) 490 4.16. Pincova ́ and Pinc v. The Czech Republic (2003) 493 4.17. Wittek v. Germany (2003) 501 4.18. Jantner v. Slovakia (2003) 507 4.19. Valov ́a, Slez ́ak and Slez ́ak v. Slovakia (2004) 510 4.20. Broniowski v. Poland (2004) 513 4.21. Dogan and Others v. Turkey (2004) 532 4.22. Strain and Others v. Romania (2005) 542 4.23. Xenides-Arestis v. Turkey (2006) 548 4.24. Blecic v. Croatia (2006) 553 PART FIVE Useful Resources on Housing and Property Restitution 561 1. GENERAL RESOURCES 561 2. COUNTRY/REGIONAL RESOURCES 563 Africa 563 Asia and the Paci.c 564 3. USEFUL WEB SITES 569 Index 571 Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Acknowledgments......Page 19 Preface......Page 21 1.2. Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949)......Page 25 1.3. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol 1) (1977)......Page 26 1.5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948)......Page 27 1.8. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)......Page 28 1.9. Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989)......Page 29 1.11. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998)......Page 30 1.13. Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967)......Page 35 1.14. International Law Commission’s Draft......Page 36 1.15. ‘Pinheiro’ Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons (2005)......Page 37 1.16. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (2005)......Page 44 2.1. Cambodia – Agreement on a Comprehensive Political Settlement on the Cambodia Con.ict (1991)......Page 49 2.2. El Salvador – Peace Agreement between the Frente FarabundoMart para la Liberaci ́on Nacional (1992)......Page 52 2.4. Liberia – Cotonou Agreement (1993)......Page 54 2.6. Bosnia-Herzegovina – General Framework Agreement on Peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Dayton Peace Agreement) – Annex 7: Agreement on Refugees.........Page 55 2.7. Guatemala – Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1995)......Page 58 2.8. Croatia – The Erdut Agreement (1995)......Page 60 2.9. Tajikistan General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord – Protocol on Refugee Issues (1997)......Page 61 2.11. Burundi – Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi (2000)......Page 62 2.12. Ethiopia and Eritrea – Agreement between the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Government of the State of Eritrea (2000)......Page 65 2.14. Sudan – Comprehensive Peace Agreement – Agreement on Wealth Sharing during the Pre-Interim and Interim Period (2004)......Page 67 3.1. Socialist Republic of Vietnam and UNHCR (1988)......Page 69 3.4. United Republic of Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo and UNHCR (1991)......Page 70 3.7. Union ofMyanmar and UNHCR (1993)......Page 71 3.8. Abkhazia, Georgia, Russian Federation and UNHCR (1994)......Page 72 3.10. Republic of Angola and UNHCR (1995)......Page 75 3.12. Republic of Burundi, United Republic of Tanzania and UNHCR (2001)......Page 76 3.13. The French Republic, the Islamic Transitional State of Afghanistan and UNHCR (2002)......Page 77 3.15. The Islamic Transitional State of Afghanistan, the Government of the Netherlands and UNHCR (2003)......Page 78 3.18. Republic of Rwanda, Republic of Uganda and UNHCR (2003)......Page 79 4.1. EXCOMConclusion No. 18 – Voluntary Repatriation (1980)......Page 80 4.2. EXCOMConclusion No. 40 – Voluntary Repatriation (1985)......Page 81 4.3. EXCOMConclusion No. 101 – Legal Safety Issues in the Context of Voluntary Repatriation of Refugees (2004)......Page 82 4.4. UNHCR Inter-Office Memorandum No. 104/2001, UNHCR Field Office Memorandum No. 101/2001 (2001) – Voluntary Repatriation.........Page 85 4.5. Global Consultations on International Protection (2002)......Page 95 5.1. Resolution 237 – The Situation in the Middle East (1967)......Page 97 5.5. Resolution 687 – Kuwait (1991)......Page 98 5.6. Resolution 752 – Yugoslavia (1992)......Page 99 5.12. Resolution 971 – Georgia/Abkhazia (1995)......Page 100 5.16. Resolution 1036 – Georgia/Abkhazia (1996)......Page 101 5.19. Resolution 1120 – Croatia (1997)......Page 102 5.21. Resolution 1199 – Kosovo (1998)......Page 103 5.23. Resolution 1287 – Abkhazia and the Republic of Georgia (2000)......Page 104 5.26. Resolution 1364 – Georgia (2001)......Page 105 5.29. Resolution 1462 – Georgia (2003)......Page 106 5.31. Resolution 1494 – Georgia (2003)......Page 107 5.33. Resolution 1545 – Burundi (2004)......Page 108 5.37. Resolution 1582 – Georgia (2005)......Page 109 5.38. Resolution 1615 – Georgia (2005)......Page 110 6.2. Resolution 194 – United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Protection and a Durable Solution for Palestinian Refugees (1948)......Page 111 6.5. Addendum to De.nition of a “Refugee” under Paragraph 11 of the General Assembly Resolution (11 December 1948) (1951)......Page 113 6.8. Resolution 1672 – Refugees from Algeria inMorocco and Tunisia (1961)......Page 115 6.12. Resolution 36/146 – United Nations Relief andWorks Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (1981)......Page 116 6.13. Resolution 36/148 – International Co-Operation to Avert New Flows of Refugees (1981)......Page 117 6.15. Resolution 40/165 – United Nations Relief andWorks Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (1985)......Page 119 6.17. Resolution 48/118 – Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa (1993)......Page 120 6.18. Resolution 48/152 – Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan (1993)......Page 121 6.21. Resolution 49/196 – Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia and the.........Page 122 6.24. Resolution 51/126 – Persons Displaced as a Result of the June 1967 and Subsequent Hostilities (1996)......Page 123 6.27. Resolution 59/170 – Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2004)......Page 124 6.29. Resolution 60/100 – Assistance to Palestinian Refugees (2005)......Page 125 6.31. Resolution 60/103 – Palestine Refugees’ Properties and Their Revenues (2005)......Page 126 6.32. Resolution 60/147 – Basic Principles and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International.........Page 127 6.33. Resolution 60/183 – Permanent Sovereignty of the Palestinian People in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem, and of the Arab Population in the.........Page 128 7.1. Resolution 1993/77 – Forced Evictions (1993)......Page 129 7.3. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998)......Page 131 7.4. Resolution 1999/33 – The Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental.........Page 132 7.5. Report of the Independent Expert on the Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights.........Page 133 7.6. Resolution 2000/62 – Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations.........Page 136 7.7. Resolution 2003/34 – The Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (2003)......Page 137 7.8. Resolution 2004/28 – Prohibition of Forced Evictions (2004)......Page 138 7.9. Resolution 2004/34 – The Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (2004)......Page 139 7.10. Resolution 2004/55 – Internally Displaced Persons (2004)......Page 140 8.1. Study Concerning the Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation.........Page 141 8.2. Resolution 1994/24 – The Right to Freedom ofMovement (1994)......Page 143 8.5. Resolution 1998/9 – Forced Evictions (1998)......Page 144 8.6. Resolution 1998/26 – Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (1998)......Page 146 8.7. The Return of Refugees’ or Displaced Persons’ Property –Working Paper Submitted by Mr. Paulo S ́ergio Pinheiro (2002)......Page 147 8.8. Resolution 2002/7 – Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of Refugees and Other Displaced Persons (2002)......Page 156 8.9. Resolution 2002/30 – The Right to Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (2002)......Page 157 8.10. Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons – Preliminary Report of the.........Page 159 8.11. Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons – Progress Report.........Page 171 8.12. Resolution 2004/2 – Housing and Property Restitution (2004)......Page 181 8.13. Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons – Final Report of the.........Page 182 9.1.1. General Comment 4 – The Right to Adequate Housing (1991)......Page 184 9.1.2. General Comment 7 – Forced Evictions and the Right to Adequate Housing (1997)......Page 188 9.2.2. General Recommendation 23 – Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1997)......Page 192 9.3.1. General Comment 16 – The Right to Respect of Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence, and Protection of Honour and Reputation (Art. 17) (1988).........Page 193 9.3.2. General Comment 27 – Freedom ofMovement (1999)......Page 195 10.1. The Cairo Declaration of Principles of International Law on Compensation to Refugees (1993)......Page 198 10.2. The Practice of Forced Evictions: Comprehensive Human Rights Guidelines on Development-Based Displacement (1997)......Page 200 2.1. American Convention on Human Rights 1969)......Page 205 3.1. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950)......Page 206 4.1. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990)......Page 207 4.2. Declaration on the Protection of Refugees and Displaced Persons in the Arab World 1992)......Page 208 4.3. Arab Charter on Human Rights (1994)......Page 210 1.1. Decree on Digni.ed Return of Refugees 2001)......Page 211 1.2. Decree 89 of the Head of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan, Regarding the Creation of a Special Property Disputes Resolution Court (2003)......Page 212 2.1. Law No. 9235 on Restitution and Compensation of Property (2004)......Page 213 4.1. Law on the Social Protection of Internally Displaced Persons and Persons with Equal Status (1999)......Page 221 5.1. Law on the Cessation of Application of the Law on the Use of Abandoned Property Republika Srpska) (1996)......Page 222 5.2. PIC Sintra Declaration (1997)......Page 228 5.3. Office of the High Commissioner, Federation Forum, Chairman’s Conclusions (1997)......Page 229 5.4. Law on Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees (Republika Srpska) (1999)......Page 230 5.5. Law on Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons.........Page 233 5.6. Property Law Implementation Plan (PLIP) Inter-Agency Framework Document (2000)......Page 236 5.7. A New Strategic Direction: ProposedWays Ahead for Property Law Implementation in a Time of Decreasing IC International Community] Resources (2002)......Page 246 5.8. PLIPMunicipal Guidelines for Substantial Completion of Property Law Implementation (2003)......Page 253 5.9. Law on the Cessation of the Application of the Law on Temporary Abandoned Real Property Owned by Citizens (Federation BiH) (2003)......Page 254 5.10. Law on the Cessation of the Application of the Law on Abandoned Apartments (Federation BiH) (2003)......Page 261 5.11. Law on the Cessation of Application of the Law on the Use of Abandoned Property Republika Srpska) (2003)......Page 271 5.12. Law on Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees (Federation of BiH) (2003)......Page 287 5.13. Law on Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees Republika Srpska) (2003)......Page 290 5.14. Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees – Book of Regulations on Con.rmation of Occupancy Rights.........Page 293 5.15. Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees – Book of Regulations on the Conditions and DecisionMaking.........Page 301 6.1. Restitution of Nationalised Real Property Act (1992)......Page 312 6.2. Decree No. 60 on Applying Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Restitution of Nationalised Real Property Act (1992)......Page 314 7.1. Decree No. 2007 (2001)......Page 315 8.1. Republic of Estonia Principles of Ownership ReformAct (1991)......Page 318 9.2. Law of Georgia on Property Restitution and Compensation on the Territory of Georgia for the Victims of Con.ict in Former South Ossetia District (2006, Draft)......Page 330 10.1. Joint Declaration by the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic on the Settlement of Unresolved Property Issues (1990)......Page 341 11.1. Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 6 – Eviction of Persons Illegally Occupying Public Buildings (2003)......Page 342 11.2. Coalition Provisional Authority Regulation Number 4 – Establishment of the Iraqi Property Reconciliation Facility (2004)......Page 343 11.3. Coalition Provisional Authority Regulation Number 12 – Iraqi Property Claims Commission (2004)......Page 344 11.4. Statute of the Commission for the Resolution of Real Property Disputes (2006)......Page 358 12.1. UNMIK Regulation 1999/10 on the Repeal of Discriminatory Legislation Affecting Housing and Rights in Property (1999)......Page 364 12.2. UNMIK Regulation 1999/23 on the Establishment of the Housing and Property Directorate and the Housing and Property Claims Commission (1999)......Page 365 12.3. UNMIK Regulations 2000/60 on Residential Property Claims and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the Housing and Property.........Page 366 13.1. Law No. 112 Regulating the Legal Status of Certain Residential Property (1995)......Page 377 14.1. Ministerial Order No. 01 – Regarding the TemporaryManagement of Land Property (1996)......Page 378 15.1. Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 (1994)......Page 379 15.2. South Africa Constitution (1996)......Page 380 16.1. The Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on ForcedMigrants (1994)......Page 381 16.2. Resolution No. 542 – Additional Measures Facilitating the Return of Refugees-Citizens of the Republic of Tajikistan and ForcedMigrants to the Places.........Page 382 1.1. The Factory at Chorzow ́ (Indemnity) Case (1928)......Page 383 2.1. Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of aWall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2004)......Page 385 3.1. Simunek, Hastings, Tuzilova and Prochazka v. The Czech Republic (1995)......Page 386 3.2. Dr. Karel Des FoursWalderode v. The Czech Republic (1996)......Page 393 3.3. Josef Frank Adam v. The Czech Republic (1996)......Page 397 3.4. Ms. Eliska Fabryov ́a ́ v. The Czech Republic (1997)......Page 402 3.5. Robert Brok v. The Czech Republic (2001)......Page 404 3.6. Miroslav Blazek, George A. Hartman and George Krizek v. The Czech Republic (2001)......Page 408 4.1. Sporrong and Lonnroth ̈ v. Sweden (1982)......Page 412 4.2. Lithgow and Others v. United Kingdom (1986)......Page 418 4.3. Papamichalopoulos and Others v. Greece (1993)......Page 431 4.4. Loizidou v. Turkey (1996) and Damages (1998)......Page 436 4.5. Zubani v. Italy (1996)......Page 447 4.6. Akdivar and Others v. Turkey (1996) and Damages (1998)......Page 451 4.7. Guillemin v. France (1997)......Page 458 4.8. Brumarescu v. Romania (1999)......Page 461 4.9. Bilgin v. Turkey (2000)......Page 465 4.10. Zwierzynski ́ v. Poland (2001)......Page 467 4.11. Cyprus v. Turkey (2001)......Page 472 4.12. Dulas v. Turkey (2001)......Page 482 4.14. Zvolsk ́y and Zvolsk ́a v. The Czech Republic (2003)......Page 485 4.15. Jasiunien ̄e ̇ v. Lithuania (2003)......Page 490 4.16. Pincova ́ and Pinc v. The Czech Republic (2003)......Page 493 4.17. Wittek v. Germany (2003)......Page 501 4.18. Jantner v. Slovakia (2003)......Page 507 4.19. Valov ́a, Slez ́ak and Slez ́ak v. Slovakia (2004)......Page 510 4.20. Broniowski v. Poland (2004)......Page 513 4.21. Dogan and Others v. Turkey (2004)......Page 532 4.22. Strain and Others v. Romania (2005)......Page 542 4.23. Xenides-Arestis v. Turkey (2006)......Page 548 4.24. Blecic v. Croatia (2006)......Page 553 1. GENERAL RESOURCES......Page 561 Africa......Page 563 Asia and the Paci.c......Page 564 3. USEFUL WEB SITES......Page 569 Index......Page 571

The legal recognition of the housing, land, and property rights of refugees and displaced persons has expanded steadily in recent years as the realization has grown that securing these rights will be beneficial to long-term peace, stability, economic vitality, and justice. This volume contains more than 240 of the laws, cases, and materials that have been adopted during the past century, which accord those unjustly and arbitrarily displaced from their homes and lands with rights: not simply to return to their countries or places of origin, but to return to the original home, land, or property from which they were initially forced to flee. The breadth of the restitution standards found within this volume, combined with selected examples of case law and other materials, are a clear indication that a right to housing, land, and property restitution for refugees and displaced persons has emerged within the global legal domain.