Housing and Ageing Policies in Chinese and Global Contexts: Trends, Development, and Policy Issues (Quality of Life in Asia, 15)

Motivated by the rapid increase in housing demand and the population of older adults worldwide, this book provides an interdisciplinary and multi-level approach for studying housing and ageing issues and relevant policy analysis in China, and beyond. Specifically, it highlights how the changing social, economic, and political factors at both local and global levels affect the housing or ageing experiences of people. Drawing on findings and theoretical discussions in economics, history, psychology, sociology, social policy, and urban studies, the authors offer interdisciplinary perspectives on a highly topical debate, asking what progress is being made on the formulation and implementation of housing and ageing policies in different societies. The book brings together original qualitative and quantitative research works in European, Asia-Pacific and Chinese contexts. Readers will benefit from the results of a rigorous analysis of data and case studies that reveal factors affectinghousing or ageing experiences of people in these regions. The interdisciplinary research also provides valuable insights on further policy analyses and formulation in both local and global contexts. It is of interest to scholars, policy makers and university students in the fields of housing, ageing, and social and public policy. Acknowledgments Contents Editors and Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Housing and Ageing Issues: Key Developments and Concerns 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Policy Implementation and the Process of Governance: International Experiences in Dealing with Housing and Ageing Issues 1.2.1 Organisation of the Book References 2 Shifting Approaches to Housing Wealth and Welfare Security in Ageing Societies 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Home as a Pension 2.3 Home Ownership and the Welfare State 2.4 Home Ownership as a Welfare Mechanism 2.5 Towards Housing Property Based Welfare 2.6 Towards a New Landscape of Property Distribution 2.7 Governance and Political Economy 2.8 Conclusions References 3 Overseas Housing for Elderly Hongkongers? Comparing the Key Factors Influencing Retiree Migration Between Japan and Hong Kong 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Retiree Migration 3.2.1 Driving Forces 3.2.2 Role of Government 3.3 Conceptual Model 3.3.1 Conceptual Model for Overseas Relocation of Japanese Retirees 3.3.2 Proposed Conceptual Model for Overseas Relocation of Hong Kong Retirees 3.4 Ageing Population 3.4.1 Ageing Society – Japan vs. Hong Kong 3.4.2 Population Structure of Adults Aged 65 and Above – Japan vs. Hong Kong 3.4.3 Future Population Trend – Japan vs. Hong Kong 3.5 Caregiver Shortages 3.5.1 Caregivers in Japan 3.5.2 Caregivers in Hong Kong 3.5.3 Caregivers vs. Foreign Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong 3.6 Cost of Housing 3.6.1 Rents and Prices of Apartments in Hong Kong and Japan 3.6.2 House Price Affordability in Hong Kong and Tokyo 3.7 Compare Hong Kong with Malaysia 3.7.1 Malaysia as a Destination for Retirement 3.7.2 Contrasting Hong Kong and Malaysia – Ageing Population 3.7.3 Contrasting Hong Kong and Malaysia – Availability of Caregivers 3.7.4 Contrasting Hong Kong and Malaysia – Costs of Housing 3.8 Government Role 3.8.1 Immigration Policy 3.8.2 Property Purchase Policy 3.8.3 Award of Government Land 3.8.4 Long Term Care Insurance 3.8.5 Collective Strategy 3.9 Conclusion and Recommendation 3.10 Limitations 3.11 Direction for Future Study References 4 Successful Ageing: The Novel Perspectives and Experiences of Vietnamese Migrants in Australia 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Multidimensional Approach to SA 4.1.2 Conceptualisation of SA Through Self-Definition 4.2 Research Methods 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 Family Fulfilments 4.3.2 Individual Achievements 4.3.3 Social Engagement and Protection 4.4 Conclusions References 5 Population Ageing and Community-Based Old Age Care Supply in China 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Key Features of the Chinese Ageing Society 5.1.2 Solutions to the Old Age Care Supply Shortage—Enhancing the Role of the Communities 5.1.3 Defining the Service System 5.1.4 Business Models for Care Providers 5.1.5 Social Organisations as Service Providers 5.1.6 Larger Private Companies 5.1.7 Labour Supply 5.2 Conclusion References 6 China’s Ageing Population: Policy Implications for Economic Growth 6.1 Population Ageing: An Overview 6.2 The Growth Constraints: Labour Productivity, Capital Efficiency, and Total Factor Productivity 6.3 From a One-Child to a Three-Child Policy: Quantitative vs Eclectic Qualitative Approach 6.3.1 Quantitative Approach 6.3.2 Eclectic Qualitative Approach 6.3.3 A Digression: Population Ageing and Housing Market 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Redesigning Urban Neighbourhood Space Under the Open Community Policy in Mainland China 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Background: The Importance of Community 7.1.2 Problem Statement: The Loss of Neighbourhood Vitality 7.1.3 Study Aims and Objectives 7.1.4 Literature Review 7.2 Main Models of Neighbourhood Space 7.3 What Are the Problems in Neighbourhood Spaces? 7.3.1 Problems with ‘Big Blocks’ 7.3.2 Problems in ‘Danwei Compounds’ 7.3.3 Problems in ‘Dotted Buildings’ 7.4 Proposal of Design Strategies 7.4.1 The Basic Concept—'Open Community’ 7.4.2 Redesign of the Spatial Relationship of the Block Building Groups 7.4.3 Redesign of the Neighbourhood Space on the Ground Floor of the Residence 7.4.4 Redesign of the Space Between Buildings 7.4.5 Redesign of Streets and Road Networks 7.5 Conclusion References 8 A Spiral, Stage-Sensitive Model of Grief in Dementia Caregiving—A Qualitative Study of Caregiver Experiences with Hospitalised Patients with Dementia in Shanghai, China 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Background 8.1.2 Study Objective 8.2 Method 8.2.1 Participants 8.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis 8.3 Results 8.3.1 Confusion Period 8.3.2 Tolerance Period 8.3.3 Integration Period 8.4 Discussion and Conclusion References 9 ‘Home Sweet Home’: Making the Discourse of Housing Space and Quality in Hong Kong 1930s-1990s 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Before the WW2 (the 1930s) 9.3 The 1950s: From Government Regulations to Public Demands 9.3.1 Financial Solution 9.3.2 Standardization 9.4 The 1970s: City in the City 9.5 Real Estate Exhibition: Creating Homeownership Discourse 9.6 The 1980s-1990s: From Small Home to Half Price Dream Home 9.6.1 Discovery Bay 9.6.2 City One Shatin 9.6.3 Kingswood Villa 9.7 Conclusion References 10 The Informal Carer in Old Age Care: Observations in Hong Kong Through the Lens of Critical Discourse Analysis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Application in the Study of Ageing Societies 10.3 Context: Old Age Care, Informal Care, and Carers 10.4 Observations: Policy and Advocacy Discourses of Informal Care for Older Adults 10.5 Discussion and Implications References 11 Perceptions of Transitional Housing: Voices of Residents Living in Subdivided Units in Hong Kong 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Literature Review 11.2.1 Poverty and Deprivation 11.2.2 Housing Deprivation and Co-Living or Co-Housing Arrangements 11.3 Research Method 11.4 Research Findings 11.4.1 Current Living Conditions 11.4.2 Perceptions of Transitional Housing 11.4.3 Expectations of an Ideal Home 11.4.4 Life Satisfaction 11.5 Discussion 11.5.1 Housing Deprivation Among People Living in Sub-Divided Flats in Hong Kong 11.5.2 Sub-Divided Flats and Ageing Building Problems 11.6 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 11.6.1 Reviewing Transitional Housing Policy 11.6.2 Increase Public Housing Supply 11.6.3 Support for Operating NGOs 11.6.4 Subdivided Flat Tenancy Control References 12 Employment Experience of Marginalized Older People Who Use Drugs in Hong Kong 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Stereotypes in the Workplace 12.1.2 Discrimination in the Workplace 12.1.3 The Hong Kong Context 12.2 Research Methods 12.3 Findings 12.3.1 Participant Characteristics 12.3.2 Physical and Psychological Obstacles 12.3.3 Hard Discrimination: Perceived as Lacking the Competence to Work 12.3.4 Soft Discrimination: Verbal Abuse and Humiliation 12.3.5 Self-Discrimination 12.3.6 Housing, Addiction, and Stereotypes 12.4 Discussion and Conclusion References Epilogue Housing and Ageing: Collaborative Policy Implementation Between Government and Community