Homo Migrans: Modeling Mobility and Migration in Human History (The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph Series, 11)

One of the most significant challenges in archaeology is understanding how (and why) humans migrate. Homo Migrans examines the past, present, and future states of migration and mobility studies in archaeological discourse. Contributors draw on revolutionary twenty-first-century advances in genetics, isotope studies, and data manipulation that have resolved longstanding debates about past human movement and have helped clarify the relationships between archaeological remains and human behavior and identity. These emerging techniques have also pressed archaeologists and historians to develop models that responsibly incorporate method, theory, and data in ways that honor the complexity of human behavior and relationships. This volume articulates the challenges that lie ahead as scholars draw from genomic studies, computational science, social theory, cognitive and evolutionary studies, environmental history, and network analysis to clarify the nature of human migration in world history. With case studies focusing on European and Mediterranean history and prehistory (as well as global history), Homo Migrans presents integrated methodologies and analyses that will interest any scholar researching migration and mobility in the human past. Contents 6 Illustrations 10 Chapter One Movement as a Constant? Envisioning a Migration‐Centered Worldview of Human History 16 Part I New Data and New Narratives 44 Chapter Two Toward a New Prehistory: Re‐Theorizing Genes, Culture, and Migratory Expansions 46 The Third Science Revolution in Archaeology 46 The Challenge in Front of Us 48 Forms of Migratory Expansion and Mobility 50 Colonizing Expansions/Community Colonization 50 Conquest Colonization/System Expansion 51 Time and Transformation: The Forces of Initial Farming Colonization, Pastoral Migration and Conquest Migrations 52 Economic Drivers and Constraints 52 The Role of Captives and Unfree 54 Mechanisms of Cultural Exclusion/Inclusion during Expansion 56 The Two Cultures: Where Now? 58 Acknowledgments 59 Notes 59 References Cited 60 Chapter Three Migration, Ancient DNA, and Bronze Age Pastoralists from the Eurasian Steppes 70 Nomads from the East 70 The Baby and the Bathwater 74 Better Methods and Theories: Ancient DNA, Isotopes, and Neolithic Migrations 76 The aDNA Revolution of 2015: Massive Migrations from the Steppes 80 1. Were the Yamnaya migrants genetically homogeneous or diverse? 81 2. Who were the scouts? How were they connected to the populations in the destination region? 82 3. Why did the migrants create a new material culture in central Europe? 84 4. Who migrated? Was it entire Yamnaya social groups, or mainly males? 85 Was Gimbutas Right? 86 Acknowledgments 86 References Cited 87 Chapter Four The Conceptual Impacts of Genomics to the Archaeology of Movement 94 The How and Why of Genomics 94 Culture‐Historical Archaeology Is Dead; Long Live Culture‐Historical Archaeogenomics 96 Complicating the Process 98 Severing the Ties from Past and Present: The Case of Anatolia 99 Conclusion 102 Acknowledgments 102 References Cited 102 Part II Migrations, Visible and Invisible: Toward More Inclusive Histories 108 Chapter Five New Data and Old Narratives: Migrants and the Conjoining of the Cultures and Economies of the pre‐Roman Western Mediterranean 110 Polarized Narratives on the Role of Immigrants 111 Testing the Backwardness Narrative and Proposing an Alternative 115 Conclusions 120 Acknowledgments 121 Notes 121 References Cited 121 Chapter Six Captives: The Invisible Migrant 126 Migration, Forced Migrants, and Archaeology 128 A Global Look at Captives as Forced Migrants 129 Warfare and Male Prestige 130 The Geography and Demography of Captive Taking 131 Who Was Taken? 133 Numbers 135 Captives, Material Culture, and Social Boundaries 136 Broadening Our View of Migration 138 Conclusions 140 Acknowledgments 141 Notes 141 References Cited 142 Chapter Seven The In/Visiblity of Migration 148 Migrant Terminologies 149 Being Visible 151 Italians in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Republic—the Last Three Centuries B.C. 152 Massacre in Asia Minor 153 Visibility and the Case of Delos 154 Conclusions 155 Acknowledgments 156 Notes 156 References Cited 157 Chapter Eight A Harbor Scene: Reassessing Mobility in the Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean Following the Archaeological Science Revolution 162 The Need for New and Improved Theoretical Models for Mobility in Archaeology 162 A Snapshot of Co‐Occurring Mobility in the Harbor Scene in the Tomb of Kenamun 165 Multicultural Families in Coastal and Harbor Sites 168 Interpreting Mobility of Cattle and Other Domestic Animals 170 Conclusions 172 References Cited 172 Part III Computational Models of Migration 178 Chapter Nine Surfing with the Alien: Simulating and Testing the Spread of Early Farming across the Adriatic Basin 180 Simulating a Demographically Driven Migration 182 Testing Assumptions 185 Testing the Model: The Zooarchaeological Record 188 Conclusion 192 Acknowledgments 193 References Cited 194 Chapter Ten The Settlement Record, Paleodemography, and Evidence for Migrations in Eneolithic Ukraine 198 The Settlement Record and Population Development 200 The Cucuteni‐Tripolye Complex 200 Population History 201 Methods and Analysis 203 Neo‐Neolithic Paleodemography 203 Calculating Potential Natural Increase 208 Discussion 209 Conclusion 211 Acknowledgments 212 References Cited 212 Chapter Eleven N Site Continuous Model for Migration: Parameter and Prehistoric Tests 216 Introduction 217 Theory 219 The Fundamental Theory 219 The Extended Theory 224 The Simulation Model 231 Data Input 233 Results 234 Conclusion 236 Notes 237 References Cited 238 Part IV Sociohistorical Models of Migration 242 Chapter Twelve Toward A Social Archaeology of Forced Migration: Rebuilding Landscapes of Memory in Medieval Armenian Cilicia 244 Defining Forced Migration 245 Researching Forced Migrants in Archaeology and Anthropology 246 A Comparative Landscape Approach 250 Migrant Memory, Place Making, and Myth in Armenian Cilicia 251 Building Familiarity and Place Attachment 252 Imagined Histories and the Role of Myth 255 Conclusions 257 Acknowledgments 258 References Cited 258 Chapter Thirteen Macro- and Micro‐Mobilities and the Creation of Identity in the Ancient Near East 264 Micro‐Mobilities 265 Micro‐Mobilities 268 The Uruk and Kura‐Araxes Expansions 268 The Assyrian Traders 276 Conclusion 278 Notes 279 References Cited 279 Chapter Fourteen Wandering Ports on the Datça Peninsula: Exploring Regional Mobility in a Maritime Landscape 284 Shifting Centralities and Mobilities on the Datça Peninsula 287 Network Modeling of Routine Regional Mobilities 293 Evolving Networks on the Datça Peninsula 296 Conclusions: Network Mobilities on the Datça Peninsula and Beyond 300 Acknowledgments 301 Notes 302 References Cited 302 Part V Migration and Complexity 306 Chapter Fifteen Assessing the Possibility of Trans‐Maritime Mobility in Archaic Hominins: Does Afro‐Eurasian Coastal Palaeogeography Support Sweepstakes Dispersal in Homo? 308 The Ocean as Barrier to—or Facilitator of—Movement? 309 Northwest Eurasia: Gibraltar, Bab‐el‐Mandeb, and the Balkans 310 Southeast Asia: Across the Wallace‐Huxley Line 313 Taking Stock of the Data 315 The Paleogeographic Contexts of Overwater Dispersal in Homo 316 Modes of Dispersal in Terrestrial Mammals 316 Spatial Patterning in Pleistocene Data 317 Paleogeography and Sweepstakes Dispersal in Homo 322 Conclusions: Variability in Hominin Maritime Dispersal 323 Acknowledgments 324 Notes 324 References Cited 324 Chapter Sixteen Homo mobilis: Interactions, Consciousness, and the Anthropocene 332 DNA Analysis in Archaeological Research 333 Movement and Consciousness 336 Human Grasp and the Game of Chess 342 Movement as Catalyst of History 346 Acknowledgments 348 Note 349 References Cited 349 Contributors 360 Index 362