Homeowners and the Resilient City : Climate-Driven Natural Hazards and Private Land

This book provides an important overview of how climate-driven natural hazards like river or pluvial floods, droughts, heat waves or forest fires, continue to play a central role across the globe in the 21st century. Urban resilience has become an important term in response to climate change. Resilience describes the ability of a system to absorb shocks and depends on the vulnerability and recovery time of a system. A shock affects a system to the extent that it becomes vulnerable to the event. This book focus examines how private property-owners might implement such measures or improve their individual coping and adaptive capacity to respond to future events. The book looks at the existence of various planning, legal, financial incentives and psychological factors designed to encourage individuals to take an active role in natural hazard risk management and through the presentation of theoretical discussions and empirical cases shows how urban resilience can be achieved. In addition, the book guides the reader through different conceptual frameworks by showing how urban regions are trying to reach urban resilience on privately-owned land. Each chapter focuses on different cultural, socio-economic and political backgrounds to demonstrate how different institutional frameworks have an impact. Foreword: Resilience in Flood Risk Management for Communities and Citizens Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Urban Resilience 1.3 Private-Owned Land 1.4 Structure of the Book References 2 Resilient Cities and Homeowners Action: Governing for Flood Resilience Through Homeowner Contributions 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Homeowner Contributions to Flood Resilience 2.3 Rationales for Homeowner Involvement 2.3.1 Technical: Climate Change and Urbanisation 2.3.2 Economic: Minimisation of Damage Costs 2.3.3 Legal: Privately Owned Properties 2.3.4 Social: Division of Responsibility 2.4 Effective, Efficient and Legitimate Flood Risk Governance 2.4.1 Effectiveness 2.4.2 Efficiency 2.4.3 Legitimacy 2.5 Homeowners and Governing for Flood Resilience: A Complex Relation 2.5.1 Technical Conditions and Triggers: Knowledge and Expertise 2.5.2 Economic Conditions and Triggers: Financial Incentives 2.5.3 Legal Conditions and Triggers: Voluntary or Compulsory Measures? 2.5.4 Social Conditions and Triggers: Communicative Instruments 2.6 Conclusion and Discussion References 3 Property, Property Rights, Natural Hazards and Beyond 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Defining Property and Property Rights 3.2.1 Property 3.2.2 Property Rights in Civil Law Systems 3.2.3 Property Rights in Common Law Systems 3.2.4 Equity in Common Law Systems 3.3 Infringements of Property Rights 3.3.1 Disaster Management—Preventive Strategies 3.3.2 Conditions for Infringements 3.3.3 Coping with Disasters—Recovery Strategies 3.4 Discussion 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Individual Behaviour in Disaster Risk Reduction 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Theoretical Concepts 4.2.1 Adaptation Intention 4.2.2 Seeking Information 4.2.3 Variables Used in Risk Behaviour Studies 4.3 Conclusion References 5 Resilient Flood Recovery—Financial Schemes for the Recovery–Mitigation Nexus 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Changes in the Understanding of the Disaster Recovery After Floods 5.2.1 The Traditional View of Recovery 5.2.2 Paradigm Shift 5.3 Actors and Instruments 5.3.1 Changing Role of Actors in Disaster Recovery 5.3.2 Innovative Instruments Addressing Risk Mitigation During the Recovery Phase 5.3.3 The Difficulty of Reaching the Recovery–Mitigation Nexus 5.4 Summary and Conclusion References 6 Resident’s Role in Sponge City Construction and Urban Flood Disaster Relief in China 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Increasing Urban Flood Disaster in the Rapid Urbanization Process of China 6.1.2 Sponge City Policies of China 6.1.3 How to Play the Important Role of Residents in Urban Stormwater Management is an Important Subject 6.2 Materials and Method 6.3 Characteristics of Living Conditions of Urban Residents in China 6.3.1 The Scale Structure of China's Urban Population 6.3.2 Housing Structure of Urban Residents in China 6.3.3 The Nature of Homestead Ownership of Chinese Urban Residents 6.4 Grassroots Autonomy of Chinese Urban Residents 6.4.1 Economic Autonomy: Owners’ Committee 6.4.2 Political Autonomy: Residents’ Committee 6.5 Attitudes of Chinese Urban Residents Toward Sponge Cities 6.5.1 The Importance of Residents’ Attitudes 6.5.2 Residents’ Attitudes Survey in Beijing 6.5.3 International Discussion Relates the Findings of Sponge City Construction in China 6.6 The Role of Residents in Sponge Cities 6.6.1 Ways for Residents to Participate in Sponge City 6.6.2 Content of Residents’ Participation in Sponge City 6.7 Incentive Mechanism to Encourage Residents to Participate in Sponge City Construction 6.7.1 Barriers for Residents to Participate in the Sponge City 6.7.2 Incentives for Residents’ Participation 6.8 Conclusion References 7 Factors Influencing Flood-Related Coping Appraisal Among Homeowners and Residents in Kampala, Uganda 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 7.2.1 Theoretical Framework 7.2.2 Past Studies on Homeowners and Residents’ Coping Appraisals 7.2.3 Research Hypotheses 7.3 Research Design 7.3.1 Case Study Areas 7.3.2 Sampling and Data Collection 7.3.3 Data Analysis 7.4 Results 7.4.1 Association Between Explanatory Variables and Coping Appraisal Elements in the 5 Hypotheses 7.4.2 Association Between Social Vulnerability and Flood Coping Appraisal 7.4.3 Influence of Flood Severity and Loss on Perceptions Self-Efficacy, Response Efficacy, and Implementation Costs 7.4.4 Influence of Receiving/Looking for Flood-Related Information on Perceptions of Self-Efficacy, Response Efficacy, and Implementation Costs 7.4.5 Influence of Risk Aversion (Willingness to Spent on Mitigation) on Perceptions of Self-Efficacy, Response Efficacy, and Implementation Costs 7.4.6 Influence of Existing Mitigation Measures on Perceptions of Self-Efficacy, Response Efficacy, and Implementation Costs 7.5 Regression Analyses of Flood Coping Appraisals 7.6 Discussion 7.7 Conclusions and Recommendations References 8 Addressing the Homeowners’ Barriers to Property-Level Flood Risk Adaption: A Case Study of Tailored Expert Advice in Belgium 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Flood Risk and Flood Risk Management in Flanders 8.3 Tailored Expert Advice 8.4 Research Design 8.5 Identification of Barriers to PLFRA Implementation in Flanders 8.6 Confronting the Barriers to Implementing PLFRA 8.6.1 Threat Appraisals 8.6.2 Coping Appraisals 8.6.2.1 Limited Self-Efficacy 8.6.2.2 Perceived High Costs 8.6.2.3 Lack of Financial Resources 8.6.2.4 Questioning the Response Efficacy 8.7 Contextual Influences 8.7.1 Resistance to Adapt 8.7.2 Lack of Quality Standards and Liability Issues 8.7.3 Property-Ownership Complications 8.7.4 Lack of (Financial) Incentives 8.8 Discussion and Conclusion References 9 Strategic Risk Communication to Increase the Climate Resilience of Households—Conceptual Insights and a Strategy Example from Germany 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Communicative Measures for More Climate Resilience of Households—Strategy Design on Three Levels 9.2.1 Formulation of Strategic Aims 9.2.2 Designing the Strategic Combination of Communicative Measures 9.3 Designing and Implementing Single Measures 9.4 An Example: Increasing Climate Resilience of Private Households in Small and Medium-Sized Towns in the Free State of Saxony, Germany 9.4.1 Formulation of Strategic Aims 9.4.2 (Re-)Design of a Strategic Combination of Communicative Measures 9.5 Designing the Folder Sequence Private Risk Reduction 9.6 Conclusion: Toward New Role Models and Multilateral Communication for Climate Resilience References 10 Government, Homeowners, and Wildfire: What Can We Learn from California’s Resilience Planning Experience? 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Wildfire and Plan-Making by Local Governments; The Role of Community Members 10.2.1 Comprehensive Plans 10.2.2 Local Hazard Mitigation Plans 10.2.3 Community Wildfire Protection Plans 10.2.4 Toward More Effective Community Engagement 10.3 Wildfire Regulations 10.3.1 Community Perspectives and Support for Local Regulations 10.3.2 Attitudes Toward Government and Its Function 10.3.2.1 Attitudes toward the appropriate role of government 10.3.2.2 Attitudes Toward Regulations Affecting Private Property 10.3.2.3 Attitudes Toward the Balance Between the Individual and Community 10.3.3 Toward Adopting More Effective Wildfire Regulations 10.3.3.1 Research findings 10.3.3.2 Effect of experience on community views of wildfire-related regulations 10.3.3.3 Crisis, perceived crisis, need for something new/different 10.3.3.4 Other factors affecting community support for additional regulations 10.4 Taxation and Benefit Assessment to Fund Managing Wildfire Risk 10.4.1 Taxation 10.4.2 Benefit Assessment 10.5 Voluntary Collaborations by Homeowners/Residents 10.6 Social Equity Considerations 10.7 Conclusion References 11 Supporting Stakeholder-Based Adaptation to Climate Change: Experiences in the City of Melbourne 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Involving Stakeholders in Urban Climate Change Adaptation 11.3 The City of Melbourne’s Climate Change Adaptation Journey 11.3.1 Background: A Glance at the City of Melbourne’s Development 11.3.2 The Rise of Urban and Environmental Planning and Management 11.3.3 Institutionalizing Climate Change Adaptation 11.3.4 Climatic Drivers of Increased Stakeholder Collaboration and Policy Integration 11.3.5 Resilient Melbourne as a Catalyst for Intermunicipal Collaboration in Greater Melbourne 11.4 Approaches and Examples of Stakeholder Engagement 11.4.1 Case Study 1: The Urban Forest Fund 11.4.2 Case Study 2: The Green Our City (Strategic) Action Plan (GOCAP) 11.4.3 Case Study 3: Inner Melbourne Climate Adaptation Network (IMCAN) 11.5 Discussion and Conclusion References 12 Conclusion 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Why and How Homeowners Matter in Reaching Urban Resilience 12.3 Where We Are 12.4 Future Direction References Index Floods are naturally occurring processes but can cause intensive damages when combined with faulty human decisions and behavior. They have shaped landscapes for over millions of years, and they continue to do so today. But flooding only becomes a problem when we choose to live in floodplains. In addition, flooding is exacerbated by us. There are several factors for this: due to soil sealing and straightening of water bodies, flood events become bigger and faster. Extreme floods are on the rise due to the increase of heavy rainfall caused by climate change. But even without climate change effects, heavy rains and floods can exceed flood protection measures beyond their limits.