HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ECOSYSTEM-BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT : linking biological hierarchies for... a sustainable fishing

This book provides cutting-edge scientific idea and novel concepts on the ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management. It begins by reviewing the scientific fundamentals and problems currently faced by conventional fisheries science, based on population dynamics. In turn, it reviews the theoretical basis of ecosystem dynamics, including selected ecosystem indicators. Surplus production and balanced harvests are discussed in the ecosystem dynamics context. Several ecosystem-holistic indicators are described, but particular emphasis is placed on two: the noxicline (gain in entropy due to loss of biomass) and resilience, which are expressed as ecosystem (holistic) points of reference for defining allowable harvest rates. Both biological (population) and ecosystem (holistic) points of reference are subsequently analyzed in the context of fisheries management and conservation. An adaptability concept is also discussed as a management policy for facing climate change. In closing, the concepts presented are applied to six study cases involving a range of different ecosystems and fisheries. Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Contents Chapter 1: Introduction The Context of Fisheries at the Present Concern on Climate Patterns and Fishing Biological Hierarchies and Fisheries Management Biological Hierarchies, the Campeche Bank as an Example References Chapter 2: Conventional Fisheries Management and the Need for an Ecosystem Approach The Need of Knowledge for Management New Challenges for Scientific Advice to Fishing Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries: Conventional Approach References Chapter 3: Ecosystem Trophic Structure and Dynamics: Basic Concepts Theoretical Basis of Ecosystem Dynamics Ecosystem Organization, a Key Concept Ecosystem Metabolism: Supply-Demand of Energy Populations and Ecosystem Performance References Chapter 4: Fisheries Within the Ecosystem Context: Production, Surplus Production, and Balanced Production Production and Surplus Production Feeding Behavior and Sustainable Production Ecosystem Balanced Surplus Production Overfishing Effects on Ecosystem Organization References Chapter 5: Holistic Indicators: Theoretical Basis Holistic Indicator and Ecosystem Performance Ecosystem Window of Vitality Ecosystem Health and Resilience Ecosystem Vulnerability References Chapter 6: Ecosystem Resilience Panarchy, Socioecological Systems, and Practice of Fishing Adaptative Cycle Sensu Holling (1986) Ecosystem Dynamics and Resilience Climate and Resilience in the Campeche Bank Fishing and Resilience Threshold: The Gulf of California References Chapter 7: Stock and Ecosystem (Holistic) Biological Reference Points Population-Based Biological Reference Points Ecosystem-Based Biological Reference Points Change in Climate Patterns and Ecosystem Reconfiguration Catch-Based Ecosystem Reference Points Ecosystem ́s Balanced Surplus-Production References Chapter 8: Managing Fisheries Under a Holistic Approach The Challenge of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management Climate Effects Assumed Overfishing Overfishing Diagnosis and Effect of Change in Climate Patterns: The Northern Gulf of California The Campeche Bank Ecosystem Vulnerability References Chapter 9: Adaptability as Management Strategy The Need of Adaptability as Management Strategy Adaptability and Individual Stocks: The Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico The Pink Shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) Fishery The Red Grouper (Epinephelus morio) Fishery The Red Octopus (Octopus maya) Fishery Ecosystem ́s Considerations Towards Adaptability Holistic Attributes for Fisheries Management References Chapter 10: Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management: Selected Examples Ecosystem-Based Management Monterrey Sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the Central Gulf of California Mangrove Community in Magdalena Bay, South Baja California Red Grouper (Epinephelus morio) from the Campeche Bank Pink Shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) from Campeche Bank Red Octopus (Octopus maya) from Campeche Bank Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) from Campeche Bank Top Predators of the Gulf of California References Chapter 11: Conclusions Population-Based Fisheries Management Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management References Index