جلادانِ خودخواسته‌ی هیتلر: آلمانی‌های عادی و هولوکاست

This groundbreaking international bestseller lays to rest many myths about the Holocaust: that Germans were ignorant of the mass destruction of Jews, that the killers were all SS men, and that those who slaughtered Jews did so reluctantly. Hitler's Willing Executioners provides conclusive evidence that the extermination of European Jewry engaged the energies and enthusiasm of tens of thousands of ordinary Germans. Goldhagen reconstructs the climate of "eliminationist anti-Semitism" that made Hitler's pursuit of his genocidal goals possible and the radical persecution of the Jews during the 1930s popular. Drawing on a wealth of unused archival materials, principally the testimony of the killers themselves, Goldhagen takes us into the killing fields where Germans voluntarily hunted Jews like animals, tortured them wantonly, and then posed cheerfully for snapshots with their victims. From mobile killing units, to the camps, to the death marches, Goldhagen shows how ordinary Germans, nurtured in a society where Jews were seen as unalterable evil and dangerous, willingly followed their beliefs to their logical conclusion. - Publisher. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen Has Revisited A Question That History Has Come To Treat As Settled, And His Researchers Have Led Him To The Inescapable Conclusion That None Of The Established Answers Holds True. That Question Is: How Could The Holocaust Happen? His Own Response Is A New Exploration Of Those Who Carried Out The Holocaust And Of German Society And Its Ingrained Anti-semitism - And It Demands A Fundamental Revision Of Our Thinking About The Years 1933-1945. Drawing Principally On Materials Either Unexplored Or Neglected By Previous Scholars, Goldhagen Marshals New, Disquieting, Primary Evidence - Including Extensive Testimony From The Actual Perpetrators Themselves - To Show That Many Beliefs About The Killers Are Fallacies: They Were Not Primarily Ss Men Or Nazi Party Members, But Perfectly Ordinary Germans From All Walks Of Life, Men (and Women) Who Brutalized And Murdered Jews Both Willingly And Zealously. And They Did So, Moreover, Not Because They Were Coerced (for, As He Shows Irrefutably, So Many Were Informed By Their Own Commanders That They Could Refuse To Kill Without Fear Of Retribution) ... Not Because They Slavishly Followed Orders (a View Seemingly Supported By Stanley Milgram's Famous Yale Obedience Experiment) ... Not Because Of Any Tremendous Social, Psychological, Or Peer Pressure To Conform To The Behaviour Of Their Comrades (for No Such Evidence Exists) ... And Not For Any Reasons Associated With Hannah Arendt's Disputed Notion Of The Banality Of Evil. They Acted As They Did Because Of A Widespread, Profound, Unquestioned, And Virulent Antisemitism That Led Them To Regard The Jews As A Demonic Enemy Whose Extermination Was Not Only Necessary But Also Just. Again And Again, It Is The Killers' Own Words That Give Us A Portrait, Both Shocking And Immediate, Of Their World: The Organization Of Their Daily Lives, How They Did What They Did, Their Reactions To It, Even Their Recreations In The Killings Fields, Which Included Everything From Sports And Entertainment To The Hobby Of Taking Snapshots Of Their Deeds And Victims - To Be Freely Exchanged And Collected Among Themselves - Leaving A Devastating Record Of Self-indictment That The Author Reproduces Here. All Of Goldhagen's Documentary Evidence Is Set Within A Fresh Analysis Of The Phenomenon Of German Antisemitism Itself, Which Revises Many Conventional Views. He Shows That It Was Already Deep-rooted And Pervasive In German Society Before Hitler Came To Power, And That There Was A Widely Shared View That The Jews Ought To Be Eliminated In Some Way From German Society. When Hitler, Ultimately, Chose Mass Extermination As The Only Final Solution, He Was Thus Easily Able To Enlist Vast Numbers Of Germans To Carry It Out. Recasting The View Of Antisemitism: A Framework For Analysis -- The Evolution Of Eliminationist Antisemitism In Modern Germany -- Eliminationist Antisemitism: The Common Sense Of German Society During The Nazi Period -- The Nazis' Assault On The Jews: Its Character And Evolution -- The Agents And Machinery Of Destruction -- Police Battalions: Agents Of Genocide -- Police Battalion 101: The Men's Deeds -- Police Battalion 101: Assessing The Men's Motives -- Police Battalions: Lives, Killings, And Motives -- The Sources And Pattern Of Jewish Work During The Nazi Period -- Life In The Work Camps -- Work And Death -- The Deadly Way -- Marching To What End? -- Explaining The Perpetrators' Actions: Assessing The Competing Explanations -- Eliminationist Antisemitism As Genocidal Motivation. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [475]-601) And Index. Published to vast controversy and acclaim, this groundbreaking work lays to rest one of the most persistent myths about the Holocaust: that most Germans were either ignorant of the mass destruction of Jews or participated in it reluctantly. Goldhagen's compelling body of evidence reveals the the Final Solution was a national endeavor that engaged the energies and enthusiasm of thousands of ordinary German citizens. 33 photos. 8 maps IN THINKING ABOUT German antisemitism, people have a tendency to make important, unacknowledged assumptions about Germans before and during the Nazi period that bear scrutiny and revision.