History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe : junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries 4

Types and stereotypes is the fourth and last volume of a path-breaking multinational literary history that incorporates innovative features relevant to the writing of literary history in general. Instead of offering a traditional chronological narrative of the period 1800-1989, the History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe approaches the regions literatures from five complementary angles, focusing on literatures participation in and reaction to key political events, literary periods and genres, the literatures of cities and sub-regions, literary institutions, and figures of representation. The main objective of the project is to challenge the self-enclosure of national literatures in traditional literary histories, to contextualize them in a regional perspective, and to recover individual works, writers, and minority literatures that national histories have marginalized or ignored. Types and stereotypes brings together articles that rethink the figures of National Poets, figurations of the Family, Women, Outlaws, and Others, as well as figures of Trauma and Mediation. As in the previous three volumes, the historical and imaginary figures discussed here constantly change and readjust to new political and social conditions. An Epilogue complements the basic history, focusing on the contradictory transformations of East-Central European literary cultures after 1989. This volume will be of interest to the regions literary historians, to students and teachers of comparative literature, to cultural historians, and to the general public interested in exploring the literatures of a rich and resourceful cultural region. This volume is part of a book set which can be ordered at a special Editorial page Title page LCC data Contents Acknowledgments List of Illustrations General introduction History of the project A new type of literary history The first three volumes Figures of national poets Introduction National icons and national poets New self-definitions and missions Critical assessment and consecration Lieux de mémoires Appropriations and misappropriations Official ideologies National poets on the banner of dissidents Adam Mickiewicz as a Polish National Icon I II III Phase 1 (1820–1855) Phase 2 (1832–1863) Phase 3 (1865–1890) Phase 4 (1890–1918) Phase 5 (1918–1939) Phase 6 (1939–1989) Coda Petőfi: Self-Fashioning, Consecration, Dismantling Self-fashioning The poet in the revolution A swerve History of an icon Mácha, the Czech National Poet The Czech concept “national poet” The man The Mácha cult Máj – The story Critics’ Interpretation of Máj Irony The concept Vlast Mácha’s Religion The literary reception of Máj Mihai Eminescu: The Foundational Truth of a Dual Lyre France Prešeren: A Conquest of the Slovene Parnassus From Prešeren’s biography to self-reference and historical motifs in poetry Systematic cultivation of language and broadening of the literary repertoire The “poetic cult”: From self-reference to biography Engendering the nation and its history through literary myths The canonization process: Vesel versus Prešeren The “Slovene Cultural Syndrome” Thesis Petar II Petrović Njegoš: The Icon of the Poet with the Icon Constructing a heroic body Interpreters as iconographers Hristo Botev and the Necessity of National Icons Dreaming the dreamer Life and poetry, death as self-fulfillment Botev as the forerunner of everything Botev as perpetual Judgment Day Bialik, Poet of the People Figurations of the family Introduction Gendering the nation as a family In search of a parent In search of a Serbian mother Latvian daughters Raping and kidnapping daughters and sons Family violence Historical father figures Family trauma and domestic violence in twentieth-century Estonian literature Tammsaare, Truth and Justice Vilde, Mahtra sõda Traa, Maastik õunapuu ja meiereikorstnaga Park, Tolm ja tuul Beekman, Valikuvõimalus Kender, Iseseisvuspäev In search of the mother’s voice Context In search of foremothers “The morning was taken up by the broom...” “[A]nd the long summer day was sewn away by a thin needle” The eyes of another world Daughter figures in Latvian women’s autobiographical writing of the 1990s In the name of the father: The daughter’s symbolic legacy In search of the lost language: The daughter’s melancholy testimonial Figuring the motherland and staging the party father in Bulgarian literature Inna Peleva, “Figurations of the Mother” Joanna-Spassova Dikova, “Utopian Fathers, Dystopian Systems” Gendering the body of the Lithuanian nation in Maironis’s poetry Maironis’s texts and the nation Nationalist practices, masculinity and homosociality Authentic and inauthentic women “National” genitalia and masculine brotherhood National fictions and cultural amnesia František Palacký, the father figure of Czech historiography and nation building Miloš Crnjanski’s homecoming to a migrating national family Dnevnik o Čarnojeviću Seobe Conclusion Figures of female identity Introduction Women at the foundation of Romanian literary culture Constructing a woman author within the literary canon The rising sun: Anna Brigadere The waning moon: Aspazija Act 1: Aspazija Act 2: Aspazija and Rainis Act 3: Rainis and Aspazija Act 4: Rainis, the Failure of the Couple Gender and war in South Slavic literatures Women’s memory and an alternative Kosovo myth Women’s corpuses, corpses or (cultural) bodies Berta Bojetu-Boeta’s feminist dystopias Figures of the Other Introduction Roma, Gypsies, literature Gypsy folklore Gypsies in East-Central European literature Roma writing Dracula Golem How did the Golem get to Prague? The figure of Kabbalistic knowledge Life and death of a golem and rabbi from Chelm Jewish secularization brings the golem to Prague How did the Golems (and Robots) enter stage and screen and leave Prague? Jaroslav Vrchlický, Rabínská moudrost (Rabbinic Wisdom; 1886) Arthur Holitscher, Der Golem (1908) Antonín Fencl, Golem (1916) Paul Wegener, Der Golem: Wie er in die Welt kam (The Golem, How He Came into the World; 1920) Halpern Leivick. Der Goylem (The Golem, 1920) Karel Čapek R.U.R (Rossum’s Universal Robots; 1921) Fritz Lang, Metropolis (1927) Jiří Voskovec and Jan Werich, Golem (1931) Julien Duvivier, Le Golem (1936) Martin FriĊ, Císařův pekař, pekařův císař (The Emperor and the Golem; 1951) Vámbéry, Stoker, and Dracula Wamberger, 1849 Romantics and realists on the “Question of the east” The Draculas Constructivist and essentialist visions of the East Dracula politics Dracula history Making It in England Vámbéry’s Dracula Dracula’s Legacy Conclusion Lasting legacies Transylvania: An Ambiguous Location Bram Stoker’s Dracula The Land of Green Plums: Ceauşescu’s ethnic nationalism Romania and her heroes: Current discussions Czech feminist anti-semitism Introduction to anti-Semitism, particularly in Czech literature Benešová’s Strange Bed-Fellow: Pavla Moudrá Božena Benešová Conclusion Figuring the other in Nineteenth-century Czech literature Killing with metaphors Some historical considerations Delighting in the despicable enjoyment of the other Literary colonializations of the Gypsy Love, magic and life Brief history of difference Romantic affirmation Popular music and popular culture Social realism Gypsies are found everywhere The alienated and uprooted Tlushim Figures of Outlaws The rural outlaws of East-Central Europe I. The Outlaw as hero – A global view Eric Hobsbawm’s outlaws Terminology Topography and historical role Topography Outlaws and history Folklore Serbian Haiducs Romanian Haiducs Literature’s imaginary outlaws Taras ŠevĊenko’s Haidamaks Sándor Petőfi’s Betyárs The Leave-taking of Hristo Botev’s Haiducs Haiducs in Serbian Literature N. D. Popescu’s Haiducs Panaït Istrati’s Woman Haiduc Karl Hynek Mácha’s Vilém József Eötvös’s A falu jegyzője Zsigmond Móricz’s Jóska Szörnyű Literary transformations of historical outlaws Oleksa Dovbuš Tadas Blinda Nikola Šuhaj Gyula Krúdy’s Sándor Rózsa Zsigmond Móricz’s Rózsa Sándor Outlaws in the media Outlaws on stage The interwar period The proto-communists outlaws 1945–89 Post-communist musicals, pop music, and tourist venues Juraj Jánošík Jánošík’s place in history and geography The man Jánošík The image of Jánošík over time The making of a legend Jánošík’s entry into high literature and culture Jánošík as the Slovak Romantic folk hero Jánošík gets slavicized and becomes a Górale and Slovak Jánošík under totalitarian regimes Revitalization and parody in late Socialism The head of state and the pop star Shifting images of the Bulgarian haiduti Figures of trauma Introduction Remembrances of the past and the present Shadows of the distant past: The nineteenth-century wars Turbulent century: The Balkan wars and World War I Dawn of a new age: World War II and the Revolution New age, old wars: 1991–2000 To be continued... ... Or not... ‘Goli Otok’ literature Traumas of World War II Some theoretical considerations History Poetry during the war The diaries of Iwaszkiewicz, Radnóti, and Dąbrowska Novels about the war Tadeusz Borowski’s concentration-camp realism A special case: Elie Wiesel’s Night Jerzy Kosinski’s The Painted Bird Hungarian approaches: Sánta, Cseres, Kertész, and Polcz Imre Kertész Alaine Polcz The postmodernism of György Konrád and Imre Kertész Performing identity Historical background Influences The memoirs Shared events Shared structure Shared themes Performing identity Figures of Mediation Introduction Political or diplomatic activities Journalism Theoretical reflection and fictional representation Translation Travel Bi- and multilingualism Joseph Eötvös On the ethnic border Two regionalists of the Interwar Period Józef Mackiewicz and the Krajowcy idea of a homeland Mária Berde and the idea of Transylvanism Regionalism? Journeys to the other half of the continent East-Central European literature after 1989 1. Introduction: Literary and Cultural Reconstruction after 1989 2. “Amended texts”: Literary Responses and Transformations after 1989 3. Postcommunist and Postcolonial Motifs in the Baltic Literatures of the 1990s and After 4. Theater and Drama at the Turning Point 5. Narratives of Exodus, Contact, and Return Works Cited Note on Documentation and Translation Books Articles in collections Articles in journals Collective volumes without an editor Transliteration Place-names Publishers Plays Films Operas Other considerations Index List of Contributors to Volume 4 Errata for Volumes 1–3 Volume 1 Works Cited Index Volume 2 Works Cited Index Volume 3 Works Cited Index The series Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages Subseries on Literary Cultures Continuing the work undertaken in Vol. 1 of the "History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe," Vol. 2 considers various topographic sites multicultural cities, border areas, cross-cultural corridors, multiethnic regions that cut across national boundaries, rendering them permeable to the flow of hybrid cultural messages. By focusing on the literary cultures of specific geographical locations, this volume intends to put into practice a new type of comparative study. Traditional comparative literary studies establish transnational comparisons and contrasts, but thereby reconfirm, however inadvertently, the very national borders they play down. This volume inverts the expansive momentum of comparative studies towards ever-broader regional, European, and world literary histories. While the theater of this volume is still the literary culture of East-Central Europe, the contributors focus on pinpointed local traditions and geographic nodal points. Their histories of Riga, Plovdiv, Timioara or Budapest, of Transylvania or the Danube corridor to take a few examples reveal how each of these sites was during the last two-hundred years a home for a variety of foreign or ethnic literary traditions next to the one now dominant within the national borders. By foregrounding such non-national or hybrid traditions, this volume pleads for a diversification and pluralization of local and national histories. A genuine comparatist revival of literary history should involve the recognition that treading on native grounds means actually treading on grounds cultivated by diverse people." The third volume in the "History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe" focuses on the making and remaking of those institutional structures that engender and regulate the creation, distribution, and reception of literature. The focus here is not so much on shared institutions but rather on such region-wide analogous institutional processes as the national awakening, the modernist opening, and the communist regimentation, the canonization of texts, and censorship of literature. These processes, which took place in all of the region s cultures, were often asynchronous and subjected to different local conditions. The volume s premise is that the national awakening and institutionalization of literature were symbiotically interrelated in East-Central Europe. Each national awakening involves a language renewal, an introduction of the vernacular and its literature in schools and universities, the creation of an infrastructure for the publication of books and journals, clashes with censorship, the founding of national academies, libraries, and theaters, a (re)construction of national folklore, and the writing of histories of the vernacular literature. The four parts of this volume are titled: (1) Publishing and Censorship, (2) Theater as a Literary Institution, (3) Forging Primal Pasts: The Uses of Folk Poetry, and (4) Literary Histories: Itineraries of National Self-images. National literary histories based on internally homogeneous native traditions have significantly contributed to the construction of national identities, especially in multicultural East-Central Europe, the region between the German and Russian hegemonic cultural powers stretching from the Baltic states to the Balkans. History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe , which covers the last two hundred years, reconceptualizes these literary traditions by de-emphasizing the national myths and by highlighting analogies and points of contact, as well as hybrid and marginal phenomena that traditional national histories have ignored or deliberately suppressed. The four volumes of the History configure the literatures from five (1) key political events, (2) literary periods and genres, (3) cities and regions, (4) literary institutions, and (5) real and imaginary figures. The first volume, which includes the first two of these dimensions, is a collaborative effort of more than fifty contributors from Eastern and Western Europe, the US, and Canada.The four volumes of the History comprise the first volume in the new subseries on Literary Cultures. This volume is part of a book set which can be ordered at a special V. 1-2. [no Special Title] -- V. 3. The Making And Remaking Of Literary Institutions -- V. 4. Types And Stereotypes Edited By Marcel Cornis-pope, John Neubauer. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes.