History of the Balkans, Vol. 2: Twentieth Century (The Joint Committee on Eastern Europe Publication Series, No. 12)

This volume concentrates on the Balkan wars and World War II, which both had their origins in the desire of nationalist circles to complete the territorial unification of their states. A substantial part of this book deals with the wartime experience, the establishment of the postwar regimes and their internal development to 1980 and the divergent paths followed by the five states (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia) since 1945. Frontmatter Preface (page ix) Introduction (page 1) PART I. WAR AND NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION, 1887-1941 Chapter I. The Balkan national monarchies (page 13) Economic developments (page 15) Romania (page 23) Serbia (page 28) Montenegro (page 34) Bulgaria (page 37) Greece (page 40) The "Europeanization" of Balkan life (page 45) Chapter 2. The Dual Monarchy: Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1914 (page 51) The national problem in Austria (page 53) Bosnia-Hercegovina (page 59) The Kingdom of Hungary (page 63) Conclusion: Austria-Hungary under the Ausgleich (page 77) Chapter 3. The end of Ottoman rule in Europe: the Albanian and Macedonian questions (page 79) The Ottoman Empire (page 79) The Albanian national movement (page 84) Macedonia (page 89) The Balkan Wars, 1912, 1913 (page 95) Albanian independence (page 100) The Ottoman legacy (page 104) Chapter 4. World War I (page 106) Sarajevo (page 106) The war (page 114) The peace settlements (page 121) The fall of the Ottoman Empire: the Turkish Republic (page 126) Conclusion (page 133) Chapter 5. The first postwar decade (page 134) Immediate postwar problems (page 134) Problems of national organization and internal development (page 143) The Great Depression (page 184) Traditional peasant life (page 185) Conclusion (page 191) Chapter 6. Balkan authoritarian regimes: the outbreak of World War II (page 192) The rise of Soviet and German influence (page 192) The establishment of the Balkan authoritarian regimes (page 199) Inter-Balkan relations (page 212) The Axis advance: the conquest of Albania (page 213) The outbreak of the war: the period of Balkan neutrality (page 221) Conclusion (page 238) PART II. WORLD WAR II AND THE POSTWAR DEVELOPMENTS Chapter 7. The Balkan States in World War II (page 247) The military background (page 247) Balkan participation in the war (page 250) The inter-Allied negotiations on the Balkans (page 284) The establishment of the Communist regimes (page 287) Partisan warfare (page 298) Chapter 8. The immediate postwar readjustments: the Greek civil war and the Yugoslav-Soviet conflict (page 301) The Allied coalition breaks (page 301) The Greek civil war, 1946-1949 (page 306) The Yugoslav developments (page 314) The repercussions in the Soviet bloc (page 329) Albania changes direction (page 331) The Cold War (page 333) Chapter 9. The Communist governments, 1950-1980 (page 336) Internal developments (page 336) Foreign policy (page 352) Contrasting Communist regimes: Bulgaria, Romania, Albania (page 364) The Yugoslav variant (page 384) Conclusion (page 404) Chapter 10. The Greek alternative (page 406) Economic problems: American intervention (page 406) Papagos and Karamanlis: Greek governments to 1963 (page 408) The Cyprus dispute (page 413) Social and economic changes (page 416) The Papandreou era (page 418) The military dictatorship (page 426) Karamanlis restored (page 433) Andreas Papandreou: the elections of October 1981 (page 436) Conclusion (page 437) Conclusion (page 439) Bibliography (page 447) Index (page 461) This volume begins with a discussion of the internal developments in Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia from around 1878, and of the Romanian and South Slave nationalities of the Hapsburg Empire from 1867.