History Of Science Philosophy And Culture In Indian Civilization Vol XIII Part 2

In this volume, 10 prominent scientists offer perspectives and insights from the fields of physiology, plant biology, microbiology, genetics, biophysics, molecular biology, immunology and biotechnology to answer these questions with regard to India. They examine not only the major discoveries, developments and research that shaped the direction of the discipline, but also the research groups and institutions that made them possible. Cover 1 History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization 3 Copyright 4 Preface 5 Contents 8 General Introduction 12 Acknowledgements 23 Editors 24 Contributors 26 Introduction 30 From Physiology to Physiological Chemistry to Biochemistry 38 A Search in the Past 38 The Golden Age of Peaceful Co-existence of Sciences 42 Glimpses of Chemistry and Physiology in Ayurveda 45 The Pre-Independence Scenario 47 Physiology as a Basic Science in India 48 The Academic Standard of Physiological Chemistry in the Non-Medical Curriculum 54 Physiological Chemistry and Biochemistryin the Medical Curriculum 57 The Academic Standard of Physiological Chemistry in the Medical Curriculum 61 An Ego Problem? 63 The Struggle for Survival 66 Notes and References 68 Research in Tropical Diseases in India with Special Reference to Leishmaniasis and Filaria 70 Introduction 70 Origins 70 Kala-Azar 72 The Contributions of U.N. Brahmachari 78 Leishmania Research in India After World War II 82 Filariasis in India 86 Research Institutions for Tropical Medicine Other than Kala-azar in India 90 Prominent Contributions Made by Indian Scientists 93 Notes and References 102 Bibliography 103 Biochemistry: A Hybrid Science Giving Birth to Molecular Biology 104 Introduction 104 Phases in the Development of Biochemistry in India 110 The Scenario Before Independence 111 The Post-Independence Scenario: Turning Points in Biochemistry 147 Contents 160 Notes On Methodology 161 Trends in Biochemistry23 164 Universities where biochemistry existed before the UGC Committee on Biochemistry 168 Biochemistry in CSIR Institutions 184 Departments of Biochemistry in DST Organizations 190 Biochemistry in ICAR Organizations 193 Biochemistry in Medical Institutions and Biomedical Research50 196 International Congresses Held in India 203 Journals, Societies and Academies concerned with Biochemistry 204 History of development of biochemistry in Indiain comparison to its development in US 216 Concluding remarks 218 Acknowledgements 220 Notes and References 221 Plant Biochemistry Research in India 226 Introduction 226 Photosynthesis 229 Nitrogen assimilation 241 Carbohyd rate Metabolism 245 Lipid Metabolism 248 Studies on Angiosperm Parasite 249 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility 250 Plant Irritability 251 Other Contributions 251 Societies and Journals 257 References 258 Notes 258 Microbiology: Opening Doors to the Diversity of the Life Sciences 266 What Is Microbiology? 266 History of Microbiology 267 Beginnings of Microbiology in India 269 Microbiology Teaching and Research 271 Infectious Diseases 277 Hepatitis 298 Concluding Remarks 301 Further Reading 302 Notes and References 303 Genetics: The Key to Understanding the Music of Life 304 Introduction: Development of Genetics at the Global Level 304 Objectives of the Present Chapter 310 Genetics: Historical Development of Teaching and Research in India 310 Teaching of Genetics: Separate Post Graduate Courses in Genetics 317 Dissemination and Exchange of Knowledge Gathered from Research Activities in Genetics 318 Animal Genetics 322 Human Genetics 336 Plant Genetics 343 Microbial genetics 361 Concluding Remarks 389 Notes and References 391 Biophysics and Structural Biology in India: A Historical Survey 404 Introduction 404 The Beginnings: Jagadish Chandra Bose 405 The Emergence of Early Research Groups 407 The G.N. Ramachandran Saga 410 Parallel Efforts, the Aftermath and New Beginnings 415 Transition to Higher Dependence on Facilities 423 The Current Situation 424 Teaching of Biophysics 433 Indian Biophysical Society, the INSA National Committee and the International Union of Pure and Applied Biophysics 434 Indians in the IUPAB 436 Sources 437 Is Molecular Biology Nothing but the Practice of Biochemistry? 438 Introduction 438 Molecular Biology as It Developed in the West 440 Molecular Biology as it developed in India 442 Plant Molecular Biology 475 Molecular Medicine 478 Concluding Remarks 480 Notes and References 481 History of Immunology in India 486 Introduction 486 Advent of Vaccinology in India 487 Development of Immunology as a Discipline 489 Establishment of ICMR-Who Research and Training Centre in Immunology for India and Who South Asia Region Countries 490 Foundation of the National Institute of Immunology 491 Nodal Advances in Immunology 493 Pioneering Contributions of Indian Scientists in Immunology and Related Fields 494 Professional Societies 505 International Congress of Immunology 507 Overview and Summary 508 Notes and References 510 Development of Biotechnology: Its Impact on Indian Science 512 Introduction 512 Biotechnology and Early Civilization 513 The History of Modern Biotechnology 513 The Birth of Biotechnology in India: Its Genesis, Objectives, Successes and Failures 518 Manpower Development 521 Biotechnology Courses in the First Six Universities Chosen by the DBT and the UGC 523 Centres for Biotechnology at Other Places 526 Researches in Biotechnology 529 Medical Biotechnology 34 540 Institutes Dedicated to Biotechnology 543 Biotechnology Industry44 546 All India Biotechnology Association, AIBA 551 Guidelines on Recombinant DNA Research Safety for India 552 Future of Biotechnology 553 Concluding remarks 556 Notes and References 558 Index 560