History of Photography

Preface to the Third Edition (1905) Preface to the Fourth Edition (1931) Translator’s Preface Contents I. From Aristotle (Fourth Century before Christ) to the Alchemists II. Influence of Light on Purple Dyeing by the Ancients III. Thought and Teaching of the Alchemists IV. Experiments with Nature-Printing in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries V. The History of the Camera Obscura VI. Stereoscopic (Binocular) Vision VII. The Invention of Projection Apparatus in the Seventeenth Century VII. (Rewritten). The Invention of Projection Apparatus VIII. Studies of Photochemistry by Investigators of the Seventeenth Century up to Bestuscheff’s Discovery in 1725 of the Sensitivity of Iron Salts to the Light and the Retrogression of Processes in Darkness IX. Phenomena of Phosphorescence: Luminous Stone; Discovery of the Light-Sensitivity of Silver Salt; the First Photographic Printing Process by Schulze, 1727 X. The Life of Johann Heinrich Schulze XI. Photochemical Research in the Eighteenth Century until Beccarius and Bonzius (1757), Together with a Digression on the Knowledge at That Time of the Instability of Colors XII. From "Giphantie" (1761) to Scheele (1777) XIII. From Priestley (1777) to Senebier (1782); Together with an Excursion into the Application Made in Those Days of Light-Sensitive Compounds to Magic Arts XIV. From Scopoli (1783) to Rumford (1798) XV. From Vauquelin (1798) to Davy (1802) XVI. The Studies of Sage (1803), Link, and Heinrich on the Nature of Light (1804-8) up to Gay-Lussac and Thenard (1810) XVII. From the Discovery of Photography in Natural Colors by Seebeck (1810) to the Publication of Daguerre's Process (1839) XVIII. Special Investigations into the Action of Light on Dyestuffs and Organic Compounds (1824–35) XIX. Joseph Nicephore Niepce XX. Relationship between Niepce and Daguerre XXI. The Life of Daguerre XXII. The Agreement between Nicephore Niepce and Daguerre (1829) XXIII. Daguerre Discovers the Light-Sensitivity of Iodized Silvered Plates XXIV. Joseph Nicephore Niépce’s Death in 1833; His Son Isidore Takes His Father’s Place in the Contract of 1829 with Daguerre; Daguerre Discovers Development with Mercury Vapors XXV. Daguerre and Isidore Niépce Attempt Unsuccessfully in 1837 to Sell Daguerreotypy by Subscription; They Offer Their Invention to the Government; Arago’s Report to the Academy on January 7, 1839; Agreement Arrived at June 14, 1839 XXVI. Bill for the Purchase of the Invention of Daguerreotypy by the French Government, Which Donates It to the World at Large XXVII. Daguerre's Activities after the Publication of Daguerreotypy; Report on Daguerreotypy to the Emperor of Austria XXVIII. Success of Daguerreotypy and Its Commercial Use; the First Daguerreotype Cameras, 1839 XXIX. Commercialization of Daguerreotypy; Description of the Process XXX. First Use of the Word “Photography”, March 14, 1839 XXXI. Scientific Investigation of the Chemico-physical Basis of Photography XXXII. The First Daguerreotype Portraits; Exposures Reduced to Seconds XXXIII. The Daguerreotype Process in Practice XXXIV. Petzval’s Portrait Lens and the Orthoscope XXXV. Daguerreotypy as a Profession, 1840–60 XXXVI. Colored Daguerreotypes XXXVII. Invention of Photography with Negatives and Positives on Paper and Its Practical Development by Talbot XXXVIII. Reaction of the Invention of the Daguerreotype, the Talbotype, and the Earlier Photomechanical Processes on the Modern Processes of the Graphic Arts XXXIX. Bayard’s Direct Paper Positives in the Camera and Analogous Methods XL. Reflectography (Breyerotypy) by Albrecht Breyer, 1839 XLI. Photographic Negatives on Glass (Niepceotypes) XLII. The Wet Collodion Process XLIII. Beginning of Photography as an Art by Daguerreotypy, Calotypy, and the Wet Collodion Process XLIV. Portable Darkrooms; Theory and Practice of the Wet Collodion Process XLV. Direct Collodion Positives in the Camera XLVI. Chemical Sensitizers for Silver Halides XLVII. The Dry Collodion Process and the Invention of Alkaline Development XLVIII. Invention of Collodion Emulsion XLIX. Invention of Collodion Layers for the Production of Stripping Films on Spools L. Stereoscopic Photography LI. Microphotography LII. Photomicrography and Projection LIII. The Solar Camera LIV. Balloon Photography LV. Photogrammetry LVI. Modern Photographic Optics LVII. Further Development of Photochemistry and Photographic Photometry LVIII. Photoelectric Properties of Selenium LIX. Gelatine Silver Bromide LX. Gradual Increase of Sensitivity of Photographic Processes from 1827 until the Present Time LXI. Gelatine Silver Bromide Paper for Prints and Enlargements LXII. The Discovery of Gelatino-Silver Chloride for Transparencies and Positive Paper Images by Chemical Development (1881); Artificial Light Papers LXIII. Calculation of Exposure, Determination of Photographic Speeds, Sensitometry, and the Laws Governing Density LXIV. Discovery of Color-Sensitizing of Photographic Emulsions in 1873; Professor H. W. Vogel Discovers Optical Sensitizing LXV. Discovery of Desensitizing LXVI. Film Photography and the Rapid Growth of Amateur Photography XXVII. The Stroboscope and Other Early Devices Showing the Illusion of Movement in Pictures LXVIII. Eadweard Muybridge’s Motion Picture Photography LXIX. Photographic Analysis of Movement by Janssen and Marey LXX. Ottomar Anschiitz Records Movement by Instantaneous Photography and Invents the Electrotachyscope (1887) LXXI. Development of Cinematography LXXII. Photographing Projectiles in Flight and Air Eddies LXXIII. Artificial Light in Photography LXXIV. Printing-out Processes with Silver Salts LXXV. Mordant-Dye Images on a Silver Base; Uvachromy and Allied Processes LXXVI. Printing Methods with Iron Salts; Photographic Tracing Method (Blue Prints, etc.); Platinotype LXXVII. Fotol Printing (1905) and Printing Photographic Tracings [Blueprints, Brown Prints, and Others] on Lithographic Presses (1909) LXXVIII. Photographic Printing Methods with Light-Sensitive Diazo Compounds: Diazotypy, Primuline Process, Ozalid Paper LXXIX. Discovery of the Photographic Processes with Chromates by Ponton (1839), and of the Light-Sensitivity of Chromated Gelatine by Talbot (1852) LXXX. Gum Pigment Method LXXXI. Pigment Images by Contact; Marion (1873); Manly's Ozotype (1898); Ozobrome Process (1905); Carbro Prints LXXXII. Oil Printing LXXXIII. Bromoil Process LXXXIV. Photoceramics, Enamel Pictures with Collodion, and Dusting-on Methods LXXXV. Electrotypes; Auer’s Nature Prints LXXXVI. Electrotypes and Galvanic Etchings LXXXVII. Photogravure with Etched or Galvanically Treated Daguerreotype Plates LXXXVIII. Invention of Photoelectrotypes for Copperplate Printing and Typographic Reproduction LXXXIX. Production of Heliogravures by Means of the Asphaltum Method; Beginning of Halftone Steel Etching XC. Heliographie Steel and Copper Etching with the Chromated Glue Process; Klic’s Photogravure; Printing with the Doctor; Rotogravure XCI. Photolithography; Zincography; Algraphy XCII. Collotype XCIII. Photographic Etching on Metal for Typographic Printing, Zincography, Copper Etching, and the Halftone Process XCIV. Three-Color Photography XCV. Photochromy; Color Photography with Silver Photochloride; Lippmann’s Interference Method and “Photographie Intégrale”; Kodacolor; Bleaching-out Process XCVI. Photographic Technical Journals, Societies, and Educational Institutions XCVII. Supplement to the Chapters on Daguerreotypy and Cinematography Biography of Josef Maria Eder, by Hinricus Lüppo-Cramer Notes Index