History of Civilizations of Central Asia : volumn VI : Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century

This major six-volume project, co-published with Macmillan, covers the historical experience of the peoples and societies of the Caribbean region from the earliest times to the present day. The sixth volume brings this series to an end as it takes in the whole of the modern period from colonial conquest and domination to decolonization; the Cold War from start to finish; the disintegration of the Soviet Union; and the renewed instability in certain areas. Not only did the colonial regimes lay a new patina over the region, but nationalism remoulded all old identities into a series of new ones. That process of the twentieth century was perhaps the most transformative of all after the colonial subjugation of the nineteenth. While it has been the basis of remarkable stability in vast stretches of the region, it has been a fertile source of tension and even wars in other parts. The impact and the results of such changes have been astonishingly variable despite the proximity of these states to each other and their being subject to, or driven, by virtually the same compulsions. CONTENTS PREFACE OF THE DIRECTOR - GENERAL OF UNESCO DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (from 1980 to 1993) MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (since 1993) LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS INTRODUCTION CONTINUITY AND CHANGE THE STATES OF CENTRAL ASIA Introduction The new political and strategic situation The emirate of Bukhara The khanate of Khiva The khanate of Kokand The principalities The parameters of Russian expansion The fate of Tashkent The end of the campaigns The campaign against Khiva British reactions to the Khiva expedition The end of the Kokand protectorate Campaigns against the Turkmens The surrender of Merv and the Afghan question TRADE AND THE ECONOMY(SECOND HALF OF NINETEENTH CENTURY TO EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY) Introduction The agrarian question Infrastructure Manufacturing and trade Transforming societies Conclusion SOCIAL STRUCTURES IN CENTRAL ASIA Settled populations in the oases The nomadic population Impact of Russian rule The religious establishment Water administrators Artisans Slaves THE BRITISH IN CENTRAL ASIA FROM THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY TO 1918 Iran Afghanistan Kashgharia FROM 1918 TO THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY The strategic context TSARIST RUSSIA AND CENTRAL ASIA Administration Economic development Banking and foreign capital Relations with Islam Scientific interest in Central Asia Jadidism ESTABLISHMENT OF SOVIET POWER IN CENTRAL ASIA ( 1917 -- 24) INTELLECTUAL AND POLITICAL FERMENT The role of religion Intellectuals and poets among the nomadic peoples Intellectuals and poets among the oasis peoples The new generation of Jadids Pan-Turkism Impact of the Jadids POLITICAL CHANGES AND STATE FORMATION THE EVOLUTION OF NATION-STATES From the 1850s to the 1920s From the 1920s to the 1990s Conclusion UZBEKISTAN Soviet Uzbekistan Independent Uzbekistan KAZAKHSTAN The tsarist period The Alash movement Soviet history Prior to independence Independence KYRGYZSTAN The Kyrgyz under Russian colonial rule (1850--1917) Soviet Kyrgyzstan (1917--91) Economic developments Population and social developments Afterword TAJIKISTAN Political history Economic and social development Culture and science Independence TURKMENISTAN Political developments (1850--60) The Russian conquest The Soviet era THE SAYAN - ALTAI MOUNTAIN REGION AND SOUTH- EASTERN SIBERIA Khakassia Tuva Altai Buriatia MONGOLIA MONGOLIA FROM THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO 1919 The rise of the Qing empire and the dissolution of the world of Central Eurasia Qing rule over the Mongols: organization and institutions Mongol society in decline (from the mid-nineteenth century) Mongolia in Russo-Qing relations (from the eighteenth to the early twentieth century) Mongolia during the final years of the Qing The 1911 Mongol declaration of independence and international relations THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE's REVOLUTION OF 1921 AND THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE's REPUBLIC (1924--46) The birth of the People's Republic The suppression of Buddhism Soviet purges in Mongolia The MPR during the Second World War THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE's REPUBLIC On the path to democratization and the free market WESTERN CHINA (XINJIANG) From the mid-nineteenth century to 1911 revolution The republican period (1912--49) A new chapter in Xinjiang's history (October 1949 to 1990) NORTH INDIA (EXCLUDING PAKISTAN AFTER 1947) Early colonial rule The revolt of 1857 After 1857 Early nationalism Nationalism and Indian capitalists The coming of Gandhi Mass mobilization, independence and partition Independent India PAKISTAN (SINCE 1947) The Ayub Khan era The Yahya Khan regime The Bhutto era The Zia era The democratic era AFGHANISTAN AFGHANISTAN FROM 1850 TO 1919 FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE RISE OF THE TALIBAN IRAN AND ITS EASTERN REGIONS (1848 -- 1989) The last Qajar kings (1848--1925) The Pahlavi dynasty (1925--79) The Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Khomeini (1979--89) ENVIRONMENT, SOCIETY AND CULTURE THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA Overview South Asian landscapes South-West Asia THE STATUS OF WOMEN (1917--90) THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN NORTHERN CENTRAL ASIA WOMEN's MOVEMENTS AND CHANGES IN THE LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN IRAN AND AFGHANISTAN Iran and the Islamic Republic of Iran Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN India Pakistan EDUCATION, THE PRESS AND PUBLIC HEALTH Education The press Public health Conclusion Appendix SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Afghanistan Iran and the Islamic Republic of Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mongolia North India Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region THE ART OF THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF CENTRAL ASIA The overall cultural situation Pottery Copper embossing Jewellery Felt products Carpet-making Artistic fabrics Printed cloth Embroidery Leather goods Bone carving Wood painting Miniatures and other arts Modern fine arts: painting in the twentieth century Conclusion THE ARTS IN EASTERN CENTRAL ASIA THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF XINJIANG The late Qing period (1850--1912) The Republican period (1912--49) The modern period (1949--90) UIGHUR VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE The Uighur house THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF MONGOLIA Introduction Fine arts from the `second conversion' to 1900 Buddhist architecture to 1900 Architecture and the fine arts in the early twentieth century Fine arts, 1921--90 Architecture, 1921--90 The contemporary art scene THE ARTS IN WESTERN AND SOUTHERN CENTRAL ASIA IRAN AND AFGHANISTAN INDIA AND PAKISTAN CINEMA AND THEATRE The tsarist colonial period The Soviet period The post-Soviet era ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING IN NORTHERN CENTRAL ASIA FROM THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST TO THE SOVIET PERIOD (1865--1990) Introduction Architecture and urban planning during the tsarist period (nineteenth and early twentieth centuries) Architecture and urban planning during the Soviet period (1920s--90s) Conclusion LITERATURE IN PERSIAN AND OTHER INDO - IRANIAN LANGUAGES LITERATURE IN PERSIAN Neoclassicism (the Bazgasht school) The dawn of enlightenment: the pre-constitutional period The constitutional period: the outburst of social and political literature The reign of Reza Shah and the beginnings of modern poetry Breaking traditions: new poetry ( she`r-e now ) Fiction in modern Persian literature LITERATURE IN DARI Classical literature Modern prose and journalism Literature of resistance Literary studies and novels The post-communist period LITERATURE IN TAJIK LITERATURE IN OTHER INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES Kashmiri Punjabi Sindhi Urdu LITERATURE IN TURKIC AND MONGOLIAN LITERATURE IN TURKIC Urban literature The literature of the steppe and mountains Conclusion LITERATURE IN MONGOLIAN Inner Mongolia and Dzungaria Kalmukia Buriatia CONCLUSION MAPS* BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES INDEX History of civilizations of Central Asia