History of civilizations of Central Asia. 5, Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century

Burnout is common among doctors in the West, so one might assume that a medical career in Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the world, would place far greater strain on the idealism that drives many doctors. But, as A Heart for the Work makes clear, Malawian medical students learn to confront poverty creatively, experiencing fatigue and frustration but also joy and commitment on their way to becoming physicians. The first ethnography of medical training in the global South, Claire L. Wendland's book is a moving and perceptive look at medicine in a world where the transnational movement of people and ideas creates both devastation and possibility.Wendland, a physician anthropologist, conducted extensive interviews and worked in wards, clinics, and operating theaters alongside the student doctors whose stories she relates. From the relative calm of Malawi's College of Medicine to the turbulence of training at hospitals with gravely ill patients and dramatically inadequate supplies, staff, and technology, Wendland's work reveals the way these young doctors engage the contradictions of their circumstances, shedding new light on debates about the effects of medical training, the impact of traditional healing, and the purposes of medicine. CONTENTS PREFACE OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF UNESCO DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (from 1980 to 1993) MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (since 1993) LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS EDITORS' NOTE INTRODUCTION THE KHANATE (EMIRATE) OF BUKHARA THE SHAYBANIDS The Kazakhstan steppes and Transoxania in the late fifteenth century Muhammad Shaybani cAbdullah Khan THE JANIDS (ASTARKHANIDS) The establishment of Janid (Astarkhanid) power The Bukhara khanate (1611--47) THE MANGHITS The rise of the Manghit dynasty The consolidation of the Manghit dynasty The Manghit system of government THE KHANATES OF KHIVA AND KOKAND AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE KHANATES AND WITH OTHER POWERS THE KHANATE OF KHIVA (KHWARAZM) The sixteenth century The seventeenth century The eighteenth century The nineteenth century Russian intervention and European exploration FERGHANA AND THE KHANATE OF KOKAND The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries The eighteenth century The nineteenth century RELATIONS BETWEEN THE KHANATES AND WITH OTHER POWERS The sixteenth century The seventeenth century The eighteenth century and the rise of Nadir Shah THE KAZAKHS Origins of the Kazakhs Formation of the Kazakh khanate The Kazakh hordes (zhuzs) The Kazakh khanate from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century The Dzungar invasion Kazakhstan as a part of Russia; the struggle for independence Herding, farming and urban life Crafts Kazakh military organization and arts Material and spiritual culture THE KYRGYZ Diffusion of the Kyrgyz tribes The Tian Shan Kyrgyz Religion and beliefs of the Kyrgyz The Kyrgyz in Transoxania and northern Afghanistan The Kyrgyz in East Turkistan War against the Dzungar khanate The Kyrgyz after the fall of the Dzungar khanate The northern Kyrgyz in the nineteenth century Kyrgyz culture in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries The Russian conquest of Kyrgyzstan THE TURKMENS Origins and early history The sixteenth century The seventeenth century Social structure The first half of the eighteenth century: Nadir Shah The second half of the eighteenth century The nineteenth century Russian expansion The Turkmen character and way of life THE DZUNGARS AND THE TORGUTS (KALMUKS), ... HISTORY OF THE DZUNGARS: INTRODUCTORY SURVEY Origins of the Oirat confederation The Oirats in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries The Oirats in the early seventeenth century Khara Khula, the first chief of the Dzungars The Torguts move to the Volga Oirat power under Güüshi Khan of the Khoshots and Ba'atur Khongtaiji of the Dzungars Galdan Boshoghtu, the Dzungar khan Conflict between the Torgut chief Ayuki and the Dzungar chief Cewang Arabtan Galdan Cering's reign and the fall of the Dzungar empire The Torguts' return to the Ili and subsequent events THE DZUNGARS AND THE TORGUTS (KALMUKS)IN CHINA Torgut migrations towards the northern Tian Shan The rise and fall of the Dzungar empire The Torguts' return from the Volga The socio-economic and cultural development of the Oirats THE PEOPLES OF SOUTHERN SIBERIA IN THE SIXTEENTH TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES The western region of southern Siberia The middle region of southern Siberia The eastern region of southern Siberia THE TARIM BASIN The Tarim basin under the Chaghatay khanate The Tarim basin under the Dzungar empire The Tarim basin under the Qing THE MONGOLS The Mongol empire and its collapse (late fourteenth to late fifteenth century) New state-building in Mongolia and the conversion to Buddhism (late fifteenth to early seventeenth century) The Manchu conquest of Mongolia and the anti-Manchu uprisings (seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century) Mongolia and its political status under Qing suzerainty THE PAMIRS BADAKHSHAN AND THE TRANS-PAMIR STATES THE PAMIRS AND BADAKHSHAN The Pamirs Badakhshan THE TRANS-PAMIR STATES Gilgit Nagir and Hunza Chitral The Khushwaqt family of Yasin and Mastuj Baltistan The rajas of Khartaksho, Shigar and Khapalu PERSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF THE SAFAVIDS, THE AFSHARS AND THE EARLY QAJARS**See Map 5, p. 925. THE SAFAVIDS (1501--1722) The birth of an empire and the emergence of present-day Iran Shah Ismacil (1501--24): the founder of a dynasty based on the Safavid order Shah Tahmasp I (1524--76): the consolidation of the empire A decade of upheavals (1576--87) Shah cAbbas the Great (1587--1629): the rebirth of the empire on a new foundation The long period of decline (1629--1722) Anarchy: the fall of the Safavids and the rule of the Ghilzais and Abdalis (1722--9) THE AFSHARS, A SHORT-LIVED MILITARY EMPIRE (1736--47), AND THE ZAND REGIME (1747--94) Nadir Shah (1736--47): the last great Asian conqueror Karim Khan Zand (1750--79): calm after the storm THE EARLY QAJARS AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE MODERN WORLD Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar (1795--6): the founder of the dynasty Fath cAli Shah (1796--1834): the last ruler from the Thousand and One Nights Muhammad Shah (1834--48): ailing warrior and mild modernizer AFGHANISTAN Towards an Afghan state The formation of the Afghan state The fall of the Safavids and the conquest of Persia The establishment of the Afghan state THE MUGHAL EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS Political history The imperial structure The social and economic framework High culture State and religion Decline of the empire (1707--1857) Kashmir, Punjab and Sind under the Mughals and their successors INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INTER-STATE RELATIONS (c. 1500--1850) Eastern Central Asia The Mughal Indian empire and the Uzbeks The Safavid empire and the Mughals The nomads and the Transoxanian states COLONIALISM AND CENTRAL ASIA The Portuguese Estado da India and Central Asian trade The seventeenth century: the intrusion of the Companies Rise of the British colonial empire Russian expansion SOCIETY SOCIAL STRUCTURE Nomadic societies Sedentary societies THE STATUS OF WOMEN Transoxania Iran India THE ECONOMY. PRODUCTION AND TRADE PRODUCTION Northern areas (Transoxania and the steppes) Pastoral production Geographic conditions The nomadic economy Agriculture Handicrafts The organization of handicrafts Individual crafts Small craft industries Southern Central Asia Kashmir The Indus plains The Afghan highlands Sistan and Khurasan Balkh and Badakhshan TRADE The pattern of trade The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries The eighteenth century The early nineteenth century The 1820s The English involvement The period 1837--50 MONETARY SYSTEMS AND PRICES NORTHERN PARTS OF CENTRAL ASIA: MONETARY POLICY AND CURRENCY CIRCULATION UNDER THE SHAYBANID AND THE JANID (ASTARKHANID) DYNASTIES The monetary reforms of Muhammad Shaybani Khan, 1507--10 The currency crisis and the reforms of Kuchkunchi Khan Monetary policy following the reforms of Kuchkunchi Khan The pre-reform situation and the monetary reforms of cAbdullah Khan II in the late seventeenth century Monetary policy and currency circulation under the Janids (Astarkhanids) in the seventeenth century Gold and silver in the eighteenth century. The reforms of 1785 EASTERN AND NORTHERN CENTRAL ASIA (c. 1750 TO c. 1850) East Turkistan (Xinjiang) Money in the Kokand khanate Money in the Bukhara emirate Money in the Khiva khanate THE MONETARY SYSTEM IN SAFAVID PERSIA THE MONETARY SYSTEM AND PRICE MOVEMENTS IN INDIA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE The space for reason Mathematics and astronomy Medicine TECHNOLOGY Irrigation Water and wind power Craft technology Artillery ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE IN TRANSOXANIA AND KHURASAN Urban planning Architectural design and methods Religious architecture Civic architecture Architectural ensembles The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE Early trends Monuments in Thatta Indian features Early Mughal architecture Other types of mausoleum Secular buildings The new mosque style The Mughal synthesis of styles THE EASTERN REGION OF CENTRAL ASIA Tian Shan Nanlu Tian Shan Beilu MONGOL ARCHITECTURE Religious monuments Urban development ARTS OF THE BOOK, PAINTING AND CALLIGRAPHY IRAN AND NORTH-WESTERN CENTRAL ASIA Iran The Safavids (1501--1736) The Afshars (1735--47) and the Zands (1747--94) The Qajars: from Agha Muhammad Khan to Muhammad Shah's reign North-western Central Asia The Shaybanids (Bukhara, 1500--98) and the Janids (Astarkhanids) PAINTING IN MUGHAL INDIA Babur in India (1526--30) and the creation of Mughal India Prince Kamran and Humayun (1530--56) Akbar (1556--1605) and the birth of Mughal painting Jahangir (1605--27) Allegorical portraits and dynastic legitimacy The apogee of Mughal painting under Jahangir and Shah Jahan The last Mughals EASTERN CENTRAL ASIA Xinjiang Mongolia APPLIED ARTS: METALWORK, CERAMICS AND SCULPTURE Metalwork Copperware and bronze- (or brass) ware Steelware Arms Gold- and silverware Ceramics Sculpture APPLIED ARTS: TEXTILES AND CARPETS TEXTILE FABRICS OTHER THAN CARPETS Iran India Transoxania TEXTILE ARTS IN TRANSOXANIA Sources for study Craft workers and guilds Silk manufacture Cotton manufacture Classification of textiles Conclusion CARPETS Khurasan (north-eastern Iran and Afghanistan) Western Turkistan Transoxania East Turkistan (Xinjiang) Mongolia and north-western China Northern India LITERATURE IN PERSIAN AND OTHER INDO -- IRANIAN LITERATURE IN PERSIAN Principal prose works Major poets of Transoxania, Khurasan, Iran and India Lexicography LITERATURE IN PASHTO LITERATURE IN THE INDIC LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN AND NORTH-WESTERN INDIA Kashmiri Panjabi Sindhi Hindustani (Urdu and Hindi) THE LANGUAGES OF AFGHANISTAN Notes to Table 1 TURKIC AND MONGOLIAN LITERATURE TURKIC LITERATURE Chaghatay/Uzbek literature Chaghatay Turki in Xinjiang Kazakh literature Karakalpak (Qara-Qalpaq) literature Kyrgyz literature Turkmen literature Turkic epic poetry THE EPIC TRADITION AND HISTORICAL LITERATURE IN TURKIC MONGOLIAN LITERATURE MONGOLIAN LEXICOGRAPHY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY PHILOSOPHY, LOGIC AND COSMOLOGY Introduction Philosophy Mystical philosophy Logic Conclusion RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS ISLAM The Sufi orders in northern Central Asia Shicism in Iran Islam in India BUDDHISM The conversion of the Mongols to Tibetan Buddhism The Bodhisattva doctrine preached by the fifth Dalai Lama The Mongol followers of Bodhisattva thought HINDUISM Vaishnavism Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Vedantism SIKHISM SHAMANISM CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS CROSS-FERTILIZATION BETWEEN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE INDO-PERSIAN WORLD Non-Muslim communities CONCLUSION MAPS BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES GLOSSARY INDEX History of civilizations of Central Asia