History of Arbovirology: Memories From the Field : Volume I: Personal Reflections

These books bring together a panel of expert arbovirologists who recall the history of arbovirology from very personal perspectives. In these timely volumes, the authors describe seminal moments in their experiences in the field and how they integrated these findings with lab studies to further clarify the ecology and epidemiology of diverse arboviruses. Authors identify the most pressing questions that remain to be answered, providing a basis for current research and a stimulus to engage those entering the field. Over the last 20 years a generational gap has developed between the giants of arbovirus research and discovery and the new generation. This gap developed due to an ebbing of training and investment in passing the scepter to the next generation, leading to a lack of continuity among the generations that threatens to derail the rich history of virus discovery, field epidemiology and understanding of the richness of diversity that surrounds us. This lack of continuity may have immediate and disastrous consequences for public health when yet to be discovered arboviruses emerge. The purpose of these books is to bridge this gap by providing a historical context for the work being done today and provide continuity between the generations. To this end, the books provide a narrative of the thrill of scientific discovery and excitement of field adventures and lab studies of that generation -- essential reading for every arbovirologist, and highly recommended for all virologists and public health officials, as well as those students considering future research options. Volume I consists of the personal reflections of arbovirologists who played a significant role in the advancement of arbovirology across the globe. Volume II transitions to descriptions of region-specific and virus family-specific perspectives of arbovirology, as well as recollections of the early events of molecular advances and pathogenesis studies. Volume I presents personal reflections from arbovirologists key to the understanding and advancement of this field Offers a comprehensive historical analysis of arbovirology by crucial contributors to this field First-hand narratives of seminal studies and experiments, illuminating how these have contributed to current knowledge Introduction Preface Further Readings Contents About the Editors Contributors: Volume I Contributors: Volume II Part I: Personal Reflections The Quest for Excellence and the Challenge of Gender Equality in Arbovirology: A Celebration of Women’s Contributions to the Field 1 Introduction 2 The Pioneers: Profiles of Selected Female Scientists (Who Are No Longer with Us) Who Contributed to the Development of the Field of Arbovirology 3 My Career Path: Coming Full Circle from Southam to Sturman 4 Movers and Shakers 5 Challenges in Pursuing a Professional Career in the Life Sciences 5.1 Graduate Degrees 5.2 Tenure Track 5.3 Academic Faculty Positions 5.4 Academic Rank 5.5 Wadsworth Center 5.6 Professional Societies: The American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) 5.7 Causes and Solutions 5.8 Funding Longevity References Serendipity and Arboviruses References The Tapestry of Life: Weaving an Arbovirologist 1 Background 2 The Beginning 3 Graduate School 4 Out on My Own 5 Hawaii 6 American Samoa 7 Kingdom of Tonga 8 Pohnpei, Caroline Islands 9 Raratonga, Cook Islands 10 Taiaro, Tuamotu Islands 11 Palau, Caroline Islands 12 Lessons Learned 13 Conclusions References Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Inception in Central and West Africa: A French Researcher’s Experiences 1 Introduction 2 The Pasteur Institute of Dakar, Senegal 3 The Institute for Scientific Research Over Sea (ORSTOM) 4 Yellow Fever Vaccine: The French Neurotropic Vaccine, FNV 5 Inventories of Arboviruses at Pasteur Institutes in Africa 6 The Incidence of Arboviruses in Human Pathology in Central Africa 7 Epidemiological Surveillance of Sylvatic Yellow Fever in West Africa 8 Arbovirus Isolated from Anthropophilic Mosquitoes at Bangui Pasteur Institute (IPB) 9 Surveillance of the Arbovirus Sylvatic Circulation in Senegal and Ivory Coast 10 Surveillance of Epidemics at the Dakar Arbovirus Reference Center 11 Unveiling the Extensive and Active Circulation of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses in Central and Ouest Africa References From Bwamba to the Present: The Changing Forest of Arbovirology 1 The Compound 2 The Mountains of the Moon 3 The Ladders in the Trees 4 The Witch Doctor 5 Rabies 6 Exploding Elephants 7 Elephant Chase 8 Pygmy Feast 9 The Deadliest Snake in Africa 10 Virus Discoveries 11 Then and Now 12 Epilogue References Fighting Dengue, Chikungunya, and Japanese Encephalitis 1 US Army 1.1 Japan 1.2 Korea 1.3 Washington, DC 1.4 Bangkok 2 Virus Department, SMRL 3 Dengue Research 4 Discovery of Dengue Shock Syndrome 5 Dengue Mysteries 5.1 “Dengue”: What’s in a Name? 5.2 Was THF a Case of Chinese Medicine Poisoning? 5.3 Primary Infection DHF in Infants. Was It Real? 5.4 When Did Epidemic DHF/DSS Begin? 5.5 Yale Arbovirus Research Unit 6 Hawaii 7 EUREKA: Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Infection (ADE) 8 England: Sabbatical 9 Return to Hawaii 10 Global Consultations 11 Cuba: Havana 12 Rockefeller Foundation 13 Community-Based Dengue Control 14 Australia: Charters Towers 15 Anti-ADE Sentiment 15.1 Tahiti 15.2 Niue 15.3 Bangkok Conference 16 China: Internationalization of SA 14-14-2 JE Vaccine 17 US Navy, Bethesda 17.1 Navy Overseas Laboratory Studies 18 Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative References Chronicles of Hantaviruses: Foundations of Epidemiology and Ecology 1 Introduction 1.1 The Isolation of Hantaan Virus-Etiologic Cause of Korean Hemorrhagic Fever 1.2 The Search for the Rodent Reservoirs of Hantaan Virus: A Connection Established by Early Epidemiological Studies 2 Clinical Disease 3 Diagnostics 4 Treatment 5 Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Europe and the Americas 5.1 Nephropathia Epidemica in Sweden 5.2 HFRS in Greece 5.3 HFRS in the Former Yugoslavia 5.4 HFRS in Latin America 6 HFRS in Cities and Discovery of SEOV 7 Global Distribution of Hantaan-Related Viruses Among Peridomestic Rodents with Special Reference to SEOV Infection Among Norway Rats 7.1 JHU, USAMRIID, and SEOV 7.2 Sites Are Critical for Arboviral and Zoonotic Viral Study-JHU and a Long Legacy of Field and Microbiological Research on Urban Norway Rats 7.3 Studies of Urban Rat Ecology from Baltimore 7.4 SEOV and Norway Rats in Baltimore 7.5 Closer USAMRIID and JHU Collaborations 7.6 Isolation of Baltimore Rat Virus (BRV) and Development of a RT-PCR Identifying Persistent Carriage of SEOV 7.7 Prospective Studies of the Dynamics of Intraspecific Acquisition and Maintenance of SEOV Within Urban Rat Populations of Baltimore 7.8 Identifying Routes of SEOV Transmission Among Rats 7.9 SEOV Persistence and Impact on Norway Rats 7.10 SEOV Pathology and Mortality Among Neonatal Laboratory Rats and Relevance to Field Studies 7.11 SEOV and Human Infection/Disease in Baltimore 8 Control of Rats and SEOV Transmission to Humans 9 A New Twist: Pet Rats and SEOV Infection and Disease 10 Reducing SEOV Infection Among Pet Rat Owners 11 The End of an Era 12 Where Are They Now? References Yellow Fever and Other Viruses in West Africa References The “Golden Age” of Arbovirology, 1950–1969 1 Introduction 2 Background: Global Arbovirology Infrastructure Before 1950 3 The Rockefeller Viral Disease Program 4 Perspectives on Arbovirology in 1950 5 Two Key Diseases: JE and VEE 6 The Rockefeller Steps Up – Again – To Unravel Arboviral Confusion 7 Dengue Moves to the Front Burner 8 Dengue and Other Hemorrhagic Fevers 9 Scientific Controversy: Scott Halstead and Leon Rosen 10 Other Group A and Group B Arboviruses 11 Other Arboviruses 12 Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses 13 Kuru 14 Other Important Efforts in Arbovirology, 1950–1970 14.1 Aedes aegypti Control and Eradication Efforts 15 Viral Vectors, Reservoirs, and Ecology 16 Women in Arbovirology 17 Final Thoughts References Twenty-Seven Years of Field Studies on Dengue and Aedes aegypti in Latin America 1 Introduction 2 Yale University Arbovirus Unit 3 Puerto Rico 4 The Road to Iquitos (Two Years in Davis) 5 Iquitos and the Proyecto Dengue Entomology Team 6 Technology and Mapping Iquitos 7 A Few Stories from the Field Laboratory 8 Giving a Talk on Dengue When You Have Dengue 9 The Best-Laid Plans 10 The Spatial Repellent Trial 11 GPS, Direct Mosquito Feeds, and Home-Based Rapid Diagnostics 12 Scientific Diplomacy 12.1 WHO/TDR Multicounty Study on the Pupal Survey Technique for the Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti 12.2 Camino Verde (the Green Way) to the PAHO New Technologies Group 13 Lessons Learned and Recommendations References 50 Years of Medical Entomology: Miscellaneous Interesting Findings 1 Background 2 Discoveries 3 Some Interesting Entomological Findings 3.1 Sampling Methods 4 Some Interesting Virus-Related Discoveries 5 Summary References Remembrances of Virology Past 1 Introduction 2 Graduate School 3 Postdoctoral Training at MIT 4 Washington University School of Medicine 5 Togaviruses: Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses 6 Berkeley, California 7 Oral Histories: Virology and Immunology References An Overview of Arbovirology in São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil, Highlighting the Virus Research Center, in Ribeirão Preto City References An Unplanned Career in Arbovirology 1 Background References Index