Historical Dictionary of Iraq (Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East)

Historical Dictionary of Iraq begins with the earliest civilizations and covers the periods that followed, ranging from the history of ancient Mesopotamia to the Abbasid Empire to present-day Iraq. Included are a historical overview; a country profile; a review of the economy, oil, fauna, and political institutions; coverage of the Iran-Iraq War, the Kuwait invasion, the second Gulf War, and other conflicts. The major ethnic groups, such as the Kurds, Turkumans, and Assyrians; Islam and Muslim sects, Christianity and Christian sects, as well as other religious groups; are profiled. Dictionary entries also highlight the main political, religious, and ideological parties, groups, and organizations; major historical personalities; languages; literature; and cultural elements. A broad range of topics, both ancient and modern, are dealt with throughout the introduction and the dictionary, and a comprehensive bibliography complements this extensive historical reference. The general purpose of this dictionary is to cover a number of diverse subjects ranging from the history of ancient Mesopotamia to the `Abbasid Empire to present-day Iraq . It includes a historical overview, a country profile, the economy, oil, fauna, political institution, the Iran-`Iraq war, the Kuwait invasion, and the second Gulf War and other conflicts. It also covers the major ethnic groups such as the Kurds, the Turkumans and the Assyrians, Islam and Muslim sects, Christianity and Christian sects, as well as other religious groups. The dictionary highlights the main political, religious, and ideological parties, groups, and organizations; major historical personalities; languages; literature; culture; a comprehensive bibliography; and other topics. We have also dealt with a broad range of topics both ancient and modern. Cover Page......Page 1 Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 ISBN 0810843307......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Editor’s Foreword......Page 8 Preface......Page 10 Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 12 MAPS......Page 14 227–126......Page 18 1869–1872......Page 19 1930 30 June......Page 20 30 May......Page 21 1958 14 February......Page 22 11 December......Page 23 1969 19 April......Page 24 8 December......Page 25 1986 9 February......Page 26 1 August......Page 27 27 February......Page 28 16–19 June......Page 29 5 July......Page 30 25 September......Page 31 14 April......Page 32 18 July......Page 33 13 November......Page 34 31 October......Page 35 22 September......Page 36 25 November......Page 37 3 May......Page 38 2 November......Page 39 LAND AND PEOPLE......Page 40 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS......Page 46 ‘ABU-DULAMA......Page 78 AFLAQ, MICHEL......Page 79 AGRICULTURE.......Page 80 AHLAL-HAQQ (ALI ILAHIS).......Page 84 ALGIERS AGREEMENT.......Page 85 ‘ALI, TAHSIN......Page 86 AMIN, MUHAMMAD, AL-.......Page 87 ‘AMIRI, HASAN ‘ALI AL-......Page 88 ‘AMMASH, SALIH MAHDI......Page 89 ANFAL, AL-.......Page 90 ANGLO–‘IRAQI TREATY OF 1922.......Page 91 ANGLO–‘IRAQI TREATY OF 1927.......Page 92 ‘ANI, TAHIR AL-......Page 93 ‘AQRAWI, ‘AZIZ......Page 94 ARAB LEAGUE.......Page 95 ARAB UNION (AL-ITTIHAD AL-ARABI).......Page 96 ‘ARIF, ‘ABD AL-RAHMAN......Page 97 ‘ARIF, ‘ABD AL-SALAM......Page 98 ‘ASKARI, ‘ALI......Page 99 ‘ASKARI, JA’FAR AL-......Page 100 ASSYRIANS.......Page 101 ‘AYISH, MUHAMMAD......Page 105 ‘AZIZ, GHANIM KHADDURI......Page 106 ‘AZIZ, SHAYKH ‘ALI BIN ‘ABD AL-......Page 107 ‘AZZAWI, HIKMAT IBRAHIM AL-......Page 108 BABAN, JALAL......Page 109 BAGHDAD.......Page 110 BAGHDAD–BERLIN RAILROAD.......Page 111 BAGHDAD, TREATY OF 1975.......Page 112 BAKR, AHMAD HASAN AL-......Page 113 BARZANI CLAN.......Page 114 BARZANI, MAS’UD AL-......Page 115 BARZANI, MULLA MUSTAFA AL-......Page 116 BARZANI, SHAYKH AHMAD AL-......Page 117 BARZINJI, AL- (SHAYKH MAHMUD AL-HAFID)......Page 118 BASRA, AL-.......Page 119 BASSAM, SADIQ AL-......Page 120 BA’TH PARTY.......Page 121 BATTLE OF SIFFIN.......Page 122 BAYYATI, ‘ABD AL-WAHHAB AL-......Page 123 BAYYATI, HAMID MAJID MUSA AL-......Page 124 BAZZAZ, SA’D AL-......Page 125 BIDAWID, RAPHAIL I......Page 126 BROTHERHOOD OF PURITY (IKHWAN AL-SAFA).......Page 127 BUWAYHIDS (BUYIDS).......Page 128 CALIPH.......Page 129 CHADIRCHI, KAMIL AL-......Page 130 CHALABI, ‘ABD AL-RAHIM AL-......Page 131 CHALABI, FADHIL JA’FAR AL-......Page 132 CHARTER OF NATIONAL PRINCIPLES.......Page 133 CHRISTIANS.......Page 134 COMMITTEE FOR NATIONAL COOPERATION (LAJNAT AL-TA’AWUN AL-WATANI).......Page 135 COVENANT SOCIETY (JAM’YAT AL-‘AHD).......Page 136 DA’WA, AL-ISLAMIYYA, HIZO (CALL PARTY).......Page 137 DAWUD, IBRAHIM ‘ABD AL-RAHMAN AL-.......Page 138 DHIA, ‘IMAD......Page 139 DURI, ‘IZZAT IBRAHIM AL-......Page 140 EASTERN COMMAND.......Page 141 ECONOMY.......Page 142 EUPHRATES RIVER (AL-FURAT).......Page 145 FAHD, YUSUF SALMAN YUSUF......Page 146 FAYSAL I......Page 147 FINANCIAL AGREEMENT OF THE 1922 ANGLO–‘IRAQI TREATY.......Page 149 THE FOLLOW-UP AND ARRANGEMENT COMMITTEE (FUAC).......Page 150 FRONTIER TREATY OF 1937.......Page 151 GHANIMA, YUSUF......Page 152 GHAZI I......Page 153 GOLDEN SQUARE.......Page 154 HABBUBI, MUHAMMAD AL-......Page 155 HADI, MIZBAN KHIDHR......Page 156 HADITHI, MURTADHAAL-......Page 157 HAJJ ‘AZIZ, AL-.......Page 158 HAKIM, AYAT ALLAH MUHAMMAD BAQIR AL-......Page 159 HAKIM, MUHAMMAD BAQIR AL-......Page 160 HAMDANI, ‘ADNAN HUSAYN AL-......Page 161 HAMID, MUHYI AL-DIN ‘ABD AL-......Page 162 HAMMADI, SA’DUN......Page 163 HAMURABI......Page 164 HASAN, WATBAN IBRAHIM AL-......Page 165 HASHIMI, TAHA AL-......Page 166 HASHIMI, YASIN AL-......Page 167 THE HAWZA.......Page 168 HAYDAR, ZAYD......Page 169 HILMY, RAFIQ......Page 170 HISQAIL, SASUN......Page 171 HUSAYN, SADDAM......Page 172 ‘HUSAYN, SHARIFALI BIN AL-......Page 177 HUSRI, SATI’ AL-......Page 178 ‘ILMIYYA, AL-HAWZAAL-.......Page 179 INDEPENDENCE PARTY (HIZB AL-ISTIQLAL).......Page 180 INDUSTRY.......Page 181 IRAN–‘IRAQ WAR.......Page 182 ‘IRAQI COMMUNIST PARTY (ICP) (AL-HIZB AL-SHUYU’I AL- ‘IRAQI).......Page 185 ‘IRAQI FREE OFFICERS.......Page 188 ‘IRAQI–KUWAITI AGREEMENT OF 1963.......Page 189 ‘IRAQI NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC).......Page 190 ‘IRAQI PETROLEUM COMPANY (IPC).......Page 191 ‘IRAQI–SOVIET TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP AND COOPERATION.......Page 192 ISHAQ, HUNAYN BIN......Page 193 ISLAMIC ACTION ORGANIZATION (MUNAZMAT AL-‘AMAL AL-ISLAMI).......Page 194 JACOBITES (SYRIAC CHURCH).......Page 195 JABHAAL-SHA’BIYYA, AL-.......Page 196 JA’FARI, IBRAHIM AL-......Page 197 JALIL, GHANIM ‘ABD AL-......Page 198 JAMIL, HUSAYN......Page 199 JAWAHIRI, MUHAMMAD MAHDI AL-......Page 200 JEWS.......Page 201 KAMAL, IBRAHIM.......Page 204 KAMIL, HUSAYN......Page 205 KARBALA.......Page 206 KARMALY, ANASTAS MARYAL-......Page 207 KAYLANI, RASHID ‘ALI AL-......Page 208 KHADDURI, MAJID.......Page 209 KHARIJITES.......Page 210 KHAYRALLA, ‘ADNAN......Page 211 KHUDHAYR, AHMAD HUSAYN.......Page 212 KHUI, FOUNDATION AL-.......Page 213 KIRKUK.......Page 214 KORAN (QURAN).......Page 215 KURDISH TRIBAL ASSOCIATION.......Page 216 KURDISTAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY (KDP).......Page 217 KURDS.......Page 218 KUWAIT, INVASION OF.......Page 220 LATIF, ‘ABD AL-SATTAR ‘ABD AL-......Page 222 LAW11 OF 1964.......Page 223 LITERATURE.......Page 224 MAHDI, AL-.......Page 226 MAHMUD, MUHAMMAD......Page 227 MAJID, ‘ALI HASAN AL-......Page 228 MAMAND, ‘ABBAS AGHA.......Page 229 MAMUN, AL-.......Page 230 MANSUR, ABU JA’FAR AL-.......Page 231 MARCH MANIFESTO.......Page 232 MARSH ARABS (AL-MA’DAN).......Page 233 MASHAT, MUHAMMAD AL-......Page 234 MAWSIL (MOSUL).......Page 235 MEDIA.......Page 236 MIDFA’I, JAMIL AL-......Page 237 MUGHIRA, AL-.......Page 238 MUKHLIS, HATIM......Page 239 MUQAFFA’, IBN AL-......Page 240 MUSTAFA, ‘UMAR (DABABA)......Page 241 MU’TASIM, AL-.......Page 242 MUTHANNA, AL-.......Page 243 NAMIQ, JAWHAR.......Page 244 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.......Page 245 NATIONALDEMOCRATIC FRONT (AL-JABHAAL-WATANIYYAAL-DIMQRATIYYA).......Page 246 NATIONAL UNION FRONT (JABHAT AL-ITTIHAD AL-WATANI).......Page 247 NATIONALUNITED PATRIOTIC FRONT (AL-JABHAAL-WATANIYYA AL-MUTTAHIDA).......Page 248 NAWAB, MUZAFFAR, AL-......Page 249 NAYIF, ‘ABD AL-RAZZAQ AL-......Page 250 NOMADIC TRIBES (BEDOUINS).......Page 251 OIL.......Page 252 ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC AMAL.......Page 255 PACHACHI, MUZAHIM AL-......Page 256 PATRIOTIC UNION OF KURDISTAN (PUK).......Page 257 PENITENTS.......Page 258 PISHDARI, BABAKR AL-......Page 259 POETRY.......Page 260 POPULAR REFORM GROUP (JAM’IAT AL-ISLAH AL-SHA’BI).......Page 261 PROTOCOL TO THE 1922 ANGLO–‘IRAQI TREATY.......Page 262 QADISSIYA, AL-.......Page 263 QASIM, ‘ABD AL-KARIM......Page 264 QAYSI, RIYADH AL-......Page 265 RAMADHAN, TAHAYASIN......Page 266 RASAFI, MA’RUFAL-......Page 267 RAZZAQ, ‘ARIF ‘ABD AL-......Page 268 REVOLUTION, 1958.......Page 269 REVOLUTION, 1968.......Page 270 RUBAY’I, MUHAMMAD NAJIB AL-......Page 271 SABEANS MANDEANS.......Page 272 SA’DI, ‘ALI SALIH AL-......Page 274 SADR, MUMAMMAD AL-......Page 275 SADR, MUHAMMAD BAQIR AL-......Page 276 SA’DUN, ‘ABD AL-MUHSIN AL-......Page 278 SAFWAT, NAJDAT......Page 279 SA’ID, NURI AL-......Page 280 SALIH, MUHAMMAD MAHDI......Page 283 SAMAD, MUSA ‘ABD AL-......Page 284 SAMARRA’I, ‘ABDULLAH SALLUM AL-......Page 285 SANCTIONS.......Page 286 SAWERS, JOHN.......Page 288 SAYYAB, BADR SHAKIR AL-......Page 289 SETTLED TRIBES.......Page 290 SHABAK.......Page 291 SHAIKHALY, ‘ABD AL-KARIM AL-......Page 292 SHANSHAL, SIDDIQ......Page 293 SHARIFIAN ARMY.......Page 294 SHATTAL-ARAB.......Page 295 SHAWKAT, NAJI......Page 296 SHIHAB, HAMMAD......Page 297 SHI’I.......Page 298 SIDQI, BAKR......Page 301 SISTANI, AYAT-ALLAH ‘ALI AL-......Page 302 SOCIETY FOR ISLAMIC RESISTANCE (JAM‘IYAT AL-NADHA AL-ISLAMIYYA).......Page 303 SOLDIERS OF THE IMAM (JUND AL-IMAM).......Page 304 SULAYMAN, AMIN ZAKI......Page 305 SUNNIS.......Page 306 SUPREME ASSEMBLY OF THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION IN ‘IRAQ (SAIRI) (AL-MAJLIS AL-‘ALA LI AL-THAWRA AL-ISLAMIYYA FI AL-‘IRAQ).......Page 307 SUSA, AHMAD......Page 308 SYRIAC CHURCH.......Page 309 TALABANI, JALAL......Page 310 TAL HARMAL.......Page 311 TAQA, SHATHIL......Page 312 THAWRAT, AL-‘ISHRIN (1920 REVOLT).......Page 313 TIGRIS RIVER.......Page 314 TIMMAN, JA’FAR ABU AL-......Page 315 ‘UMAR, CHANKUL HABIB......Page 316 UNITED NATIONS MONITORING, VERIFICATION, AND INSPEC-TION COMMISSION (UNMOVIC).......Page 317 ‘UQAYLI, ‘ABD AL-‘AZIZ AL-.......Page 318 WAHBI, TAWFIQ......Page 319 WAHID, ‘ABD AL-RAZZAQ ‘ABD AL-......Page 320 WATHBA, AL-.......Page 321 YAMALKY, MUSTAFA......Page 322 YAZDI, MUHAMMAD KAZIM......Page 323 YAZIDIS.......Page 324 ZAHAWI, JAMIL SIDQI AL-......Page 325 ZAKI, MUHAMMAD......Page 326 ZANKID STATE.......Page 327 ZUBAYDI, MUHAMMAD HAMZA AL-......Page 328 ZUHAB, TREATY OF.......Page 329 UNSCR 661 (6 AUGUST 1990)......Page 330 UNSCR 662 (9 AUGUST 1990)......Page 332 UNSCR 665 (25 AUGUST 1990)......Page 333 UNSCR 666 (13 SEPTEMBER 1990)......Page 334 UNSCR 667 (16 SEPTEMBER 1990)......Page 335 UNSCR 670 (25 SEPTEMBER 1990)......Page 337 UNSCR 674 (29 OCTOBER 1990)......Page 340 UNCSR 678 (29 NOVEMBER 1990)......Page 343 UNSCR 686 (2 MARCH 1991)......Page 344 UNSCR 687 (3 APRIL 1991)......Page 346 UNSCR 688 (5 APRIL 1991)......Page 354 UNSCR 692 (20 MAY 1991)......Page 355 UNSCR 700 (17 JUNE 1991)......Page 357 UNSCR 949 (15 OCTOBER 1994)......Page 358 UNSCR 986 (14 APRIL 1995)......Page 359 UNSCR 1051 (27 MARCH 1996)......Page 364 UNSCR 1060 (12 JUNE 1996)......Page 367 UNSCR 1111 (4 JUNE 1997)......Page 368 UNSCR 1115 (21 JUNE 1997)......Page 369 UNSCR 1129 (12 SEPTEMBER 1997)......Page 370 UNSCR 1134 (23 OCTOBER 1997)......Page 372 UNSCR 1137 (12 NOVEMBER 1997)......Page 374 UNSCR 1143 (4 DECEMBER 1997)......Page 377 UNSCR 1153 (20 FEBRUARY 1998)......Page 379 UNSCR 1175 (19 JUNE 1998)......Page 382 UNSCR 1194 (9 SEPTEMBER 1998)......Page 384 UNSCR 1205 (5 NOVEMBER 1998)......Page 386 UNSCR 1210 (24 NOVEMBER 1998)......Page 388 UNSCR 1242 (21 MAY 1999)......Page 390 UNSCR 1266 (4 OCTOBER 1999)......Page 392 UNSCR 1281 (10 DECEMBER 1999)......Page 393 UNSCR 1284 (17 DECEMBER 1999)......Page 395 UNSCR 1441 (8 NOVEMBER 2002)......Page 403 UNSCR 1511 (16 OCTOBER 2003)......Page 408 PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT)......Page 414 March 1977–September 1977......Page 462 16 July 1979–29 June 1982......Page 463 February 1994......Page 464 May 2001......Page 465 January 1974–December 1976......Page 466 July 1979–June 1982......Page 467 September 1991–1994......Page 468 May 2001–April 2003......Page 469 Appendix D Media in Post-War ‘Iraq......Page 470 Appendix E Important ‘Iraqis in Post-War ‘Iraq......Page 478 Bibliography......Page 486 CONTENTS......Page 489 GENERAL......Page 490 CULTURE......Page 493 ECONOMY......Page 495 HISTORY......Page 497 POLITICS......Page 502 POPULATION, RELIGION, AND SOCIETY......Page 510 Epilogue......Page 514 Beth K. Dougherty......Page 536 Iraq, the land of Hamurabi and Harun al-Rashid, has played a long and unique role in the history of human civilization. The oldest civilization known to man evolved on the shores of its twin rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. The great cities of antiquity-Uruk, Ur, Akkad, Babylon, Basra, Mawsil, and Baghdad-were major centers of high culture and political power for much of the course of human history. This reference begins with the earliest civilizations and covers the many periods that followed, ranging from the history of ancient Mesopotamia to the Abbasid Empire to present-day Iraq. Included are a historical overview; a country profile; a review of the economy, oil, fauna, and political institution; coverage of the Iran-Iraq War; and coverage of the Kuwait invasion and the second Gulf War and other conflicts. The major ethnic groups such as the Kurds, the Turkumans and the Assyrians, Islam and Muslim sects, Christianity and Christian sects, as well as other religious groups are profiled. Dictionary entries also highlight the main political, religious, and ideological parties, groups, and organizations; major historical personalities; languages; literature; and cultural elements. A broad range of topics, both ancient and modern, are dealt with throughout the introduction and the dictionary, and a comprehensive bibliography complements this extensive historical reference. The Historical Dictionary of Iraq begins with the earliest civilizations and covers the many periods that followed, ranging from the history of ancient Mesopotamia to the Abbasid Empire to present-day Iraq. Included are a historical overview; a country profile; a review of the economy, oil, fauna, and political institution; coverage of the Iran-Iraq War; and coverage of the Kuwait invasion and the second Gulf War and other conflicts. The major ethnic groups such as the Kurds, the Turkumans and the Assyrians, Islam and Muslim sects, Christianity and Christian sects, as well as other religious groups are profiled. Dictionary entries also highlight the main political, religious, and ideological parties, groups, and organizations; major historical personalities; languages; literature; and cultural elements. A broad range of topics, both ancient and modern, are dealt with throughout the introduction and the dictionary, and a comprehensive bibliography complements this extensive historical reference. "Historical Dictionary of Iraq begins with the earliest civilizations and covers the periods that followed, ranging from the history of ancient Mesopotamia to the Abbasid Empire to present-day Iraq. Included are a historical overview; a country profile; a review of the economy, oil, fauna, and political institution; coverage of the Iran-Iraq War, the Kuwait invasion, and the second Gulf War, and other conflicts. The major ethnic groups, such as the Kurds, the Turkumans, and Assyrians; Islam and Muslim sects, Christianity and Christian sects, as well as other religious groups; are profiled. Dictionary entries also highlight the main political, religious, and ideological parties, groups, and organizations; major historical personalities; languages; literature; and cultural elements. A broad range of topics, both ancient and modern, are dealt with throughout the introduction and the dictionary, and a comprehensive bibliography complements this extensive historical reference."--Jacket Highlights the main political, religious, ethnic and ideological parties, groups, and organizations; major historical personalities; languages; literature; culture; a comprehensive bibliography; and other topics. Covers history of ancient Mesopotamia to the 'Abbasid Empire to present-day Iraq. Includes a historical overview, a country profile, the economy, oil, fauna, political institution, the Iran-'Iraq war, the Kuwait invasion, and the second Gulf War and other conflicts The dictionary UN resolutions Appendices: Iraqi cabinets. Revolutionary command councils, 1968-2003. Regional commands, 1966-2003. Media in post-war ʻIraq. Important ʻIraqis in post-war ʻIraq.