Historical Aspects of Critical Illness and Critical Care Medicine, An Issue of Critical Care Clinics (Volume 25-1) (The Clinics: Nursing, Volume 25-1)

This issue will take a look at modern critical care techniques in a historical context. Topics include: ''Shock and Organ failure'', ''Battlefield trauma, traumatic shock and consequences: War-related advances in critical care'', ''Lessons from Modern Disasters and Wars: Bhopal, Chernobyl, Oklahoma City Bombing, 9/11, Hurricane Katrina, Tsunami, Iraq'', ''Plagues with Critical Care Implications: Legionairres, Staph toxic shock, SARS, Hantavirus, Group A strep nec toxic shock, Marburg and hemorrhagic fevers, Avian flu'' and more! Cover......Page 1 Preface......Page 2 Dedication......Page 4 The History and Evolution of Circulatory Shock......Page 5 Sphygmomanometer......Page 6 Cardiac Output Assessment and the Pulmonary Artery Catheter......Page 8 Definitions......Page 11 Nervous system dysfunction......Page 12 Circulating volume loss......Page 15 Circulating ‘‘factors’’......Page 17 Origins of the Modern Era of Shock Research......Page 19 Septic Shock......Page 21 Cardiogenic Shock......Page 23 Summary......Page 25 References......Page 26 Wound care......Page 34 Shock......Page 39 Organizational systems and transport......Page 43 References......Page 46 Preparedness Lessons from Modern Disasters and Wars......Page 49 Relevance to Today and Clinical Teaching Points......Page 50 Summary......Page 51 Lessons for Critical Care......Page 52 Summary......Page 53 Lessons for Critical Care......Page 54 Summary......Page 55 Lessons for Critical Care......Page 56 Lesson in evacuation surge capacity......Page 57 Summary......Page 58 Relevance to Today and Clinical Teaching Points......Page 59 Summary......Page 60 References......Page 61 Poliomyelitis......Page 68 Legionnaire’s disease......Page 70 Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome......Page 71 Pneumocystis jirovicii (formerly carinii)......Page 72 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome......Page 74 Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis......Page 75 Severe acute respiratory syndrome......Page 77 Influenza......Page 79 References......Page 80 Sepsis and the ancient Greeks and Romans......Page 83 Early work on the transmission of infectious disease and the discovery of ‘‘animacules’’......Page 84 The golden age of germ theory: Semmelweiss, Lister, Koch and Pasteur......Page 85 Magic bullets and early antibiotics......Page 88 The discovery of the role of endotoxin......Page 90 The coagulation system......Page 92 Cytokines......Page 93 Nitric oxide......Page 94 Classification and clinical theories of septic shock......Page 95 Hemodynamics......Page 96 References......Page 98 Cardiogenic Shock: A Historical Perspective......Page 102 Summary......Page 110 References......Page 111 A History of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis......Page 114 Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism......Page 115 Electrocardiogram......Page 116 Chest Radiograph......Page 117 Pulmonary Angiograms......Page 118 Lung Scans......Page 119 Echocardiography......Page 120 Natural History......Page 121 Pulmonary Embolectomy......Page 122 Venous Interruption......Page 123 Prevention......Page 125 Thrombolytic Therapy......Page 126 Referrences......Page 127 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: From the Beginning to the Present Day......Page 131 Airway......Page 132 Ventilation......Page 133 Chest Compression......Page 135 Defibrillation and External Pacing......Page 136 Modern CPR......Page 137 Ventilation and Chest Compression......Page 139 Defibrillation......Page 140 Summary......Page 141 References......Page 142 Acknowledgments......Page 150 Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation......Page 152 Other forms of neurogenic respiratory failure......Page 153 Critical care emerges as a discipline from the management of poliomyelitis......Page 154 Head trauma......Page 155 Intracranial pressure management......Page 156 Coma and death by neurologic criteria......Page 157 Status epilepticus......Page 158 References......Page 159 Acknowledgments......Page 162 Pulmonary Artery Catheter......Page 163 The Early Years......Page 164 Brief History of Dialysis......Page 165 Which Modality is Better to Treat Acute Renal Failure in the ICU?......Page 166 The Early Years......Page 167 Summary......Page 168 The Early Ventilators......Page 169 Positive End Expiratory Pressure for Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 170 Microprocessors-Based Ventilators......Page 171 Summary......Page 172 References......Page 173 Historical Perspectives in Critical Care Medicine: Blood Transfusion, Intravenous Fluids, Inotropes/Vasopressors, and Antibiotics......Page 178 History of blood transfusion in critical illness......Page 179 Blood and War......Page 180 Recent Developments......Page 181 History of intravenous fluids......Page 182 Fluid Infusion for Shock and Surgery......Page 184 History of the development of vasopressors and inotropes......Page 185 History of antimicrobials in critical care......Page 188 Glycopeptides......Page 189 Fluoroquinolones......Page 190 Closing remarks......Page 191 References......Page 192 A History of Ethics and Law in the Intensive Care Unit......Page 198 The evolution of ICUs......Page 199 Informed consent and the law......Page 200 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and do-not-resuscitate orders......Page 201 Withholding and withdrawing of life-sustaining therapy......Page 202 Legal cases involving life support......Page 204 Advance directives......Page 205 Futility and the allocation of medical resources......Page 207 References......Page 209 Evolution of the Intensive Care Unit as a Clinical Center and Critical Care Medicine as a Discipline......Page 215 Acknowledgment......Page 217 Mobile ICUs and transport critical care medicine......Page 218 Critical care medicine societies and congresses......Page 219 Education and board certification......Page 221 Simulation in critical care medicine training......Page 222 Research and publications......Page 223 Future challenges......Page 224 References......Page 225 The history and evolution of circulatory shock / Rizwan A. Manji, Kenneth E. Wood, and Anand Kumar Battlefield trauma, traumatic shock and consequences: war-related advances in critical care / Carrie E. Allison and Donald D. Trunkey Preparedness lessons from modern disasters and wars / Saqib I. Dara and J. Christopher Farmer Plagues in the ICU: a brief history of community-acquired epidemic and endemic transmissible infections leading to intensive care admission / R. Bruce Light Sepsis and septic shock: a history / Duane J. Funk, Joseph E. Parillo, and Anand Kumar Cardiogenic shock: a historical perspective / Fredric Ginsberg and Joseph E. Parillo A history of pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis / Kenneth E. Wood Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: from the beginning to the present day / Giuseppe Ristagno, Wanchun Tang, and Max Harry Weil Historical aspects of critical care and the nervous system / Thomas P. Bleck History of solid organ transplantation and organ donation / Peter K. Linden History of Technology in the intensive care unit / Nitin Puri, Vinod Puri, and R.P. Dellinger Historical perspectives in critical care medicine: blood transfusion, intravenous fluids, inotropes/vasopressors, and antibiotics / Ryan Zarychanski, Robert E. Ariano, Bojan Paunovic, and Dean D. Bell A history of ethics and law in the intensive care unit / John M. Luce and Douglas B. White Evolution of the intensive care unit as a clinical center and critical care medicine as a discipline / Ake Grenvik and Michael R. Pinksy.