Historic Cities in the Face of Disasters: Reconstruction, Recovery and Resilience of Societies (The Urban Book Series)

This book examines reconstruction and resilience of historic cities and societies from multiple disciplinary and complementary perspectives and, by doing so, it helps researchers and practitioners alike, among them reconstruction managers, urban governance and professionals. The book builds on carefully selected and updated papers accepted for the 2019 Silk Cities international conference on ‘reconstruction, recovery and resilience of historic cities and societies’, the third Silk Cities conference held in L’Aquila, Italy, 10-12 July 2019, working with University of L’Aquila and UCL. This multi-scale, and multidisciplinary book offers cross-sectoral and complimentary voices from multiple stakeholders, including academia, urban governance, NGOs and local populations. It examines post-disaster reconstruction strategies and case studies from Europe, Asia and Latin America that provide a valuable collection for anyone who would like to get a global overview on the subject matter. It thereby enables a deeper understanding of challenges, opportunities and approaches in dealing with historic cities facing disasters at various geographical scales. Additionally, it brings together historical approaches to the reconstruction of historical cities and those of more recent times. Thus, it can be used as a reference book for global understanding of the subject matter. Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Editors 1 Introduction: Towards Multi-perspective and Multidisciplinary Approaches 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Cultural Heritage, Disasters and Social Recollection 1.3 Urban Reconstruction, Recovery and Resilience 1.4 The Dilemma: “Where It Was—How It Was” Versus Updating Damaged Historic Urban Fabric 1.5 Non-Participatory Reconstruction: Heritage as an Excuse? 1.6 A Web of Disciplines for Analyses 1.7 New Approaches and Technologies 1.8 From Shaping the Agenda to Implementation in the Field 1.9 Structure of the Book 1.10 Concluding Remarks References Part I Heritage and Collective Memory 2 Thinking About Post-disaster Reconstruction in Europe: Functionalist and Identity Approaches 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Birth and Evolution of Post-disaster Reconstruction Patterns for Historic Cities 2.2.1 Early Reconstruction Patterns: Lisbon and Functionalist Reconstruction 2.2.2 Reconstruction: “Where It Was, as It Was” 2.2.3 Reasonable Reconstruction in Situ: Between Functionalism and the Vernacular 2.2.4 Towards a Conservative Reconstruction 2.3 The Basic Concepts 2.4 Conclusion References 3 Old Souks of Aleppo: A Narrative Approach to Post-conflict Heritage Reconstruction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Old Souks of Aleppo 3.2.1 Historic Urban Fabric 3.2.2 The Old Souks Before and After 3.3 Heritage as a Healing Capacity 3.3.1 What Is Heritage? 3.3.2 Post-conflict Heritage Reconstruction 3.4 The Quest for Hidden Narratives for Aleppo’s Lost Heritage 3.4.1 Narratives of the Past: Drivers of Connections 3.4.2 Narratives of the Present: Effects and Problems 3.4.3 Narratives of the Future: Suggestions 3.5 Conclusion: Rethinking the Built Heritage Reconstruction References 4 Photography for the City, Between the Need for Protection, Conservation and Civic Identity 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Photography in the Historical-Artistic and Monumental Field 4.1.2 The Documentary Value of Photography in Cases of Emergency and Post-emergency 4.2 The Experience of the 2009 Earthquake in L’Aquila and Projects to Recover the City Memory 4.2.1 Historical Photographical Collection as a Premise for Re-appropriation of Local Memory 4.3 Conclusion References 5 Cultural Heritage as Stones of Memory: The Recovery of Archives in the Marche Crater Area 5.1 Introduction 5.2 In the Heart of the Crater 5.3 The Recovery of Archives in the Marche Crater Area 5.3.1 The Historical Archive of the Municipality of Urbisaglia 5.3.2 The Historical Archive of the Municipality of Ussita 5.4 The Glory of a Small Homeland - Between Institutions and Museums and Collective Identity: The Case of the Gasparri Museum in Ussita 5.4.1 The Glory of a Small Homeland: The Mythography of a Community 5.4.2 The Gasparri Museum and an Opportunity to Rebuild Collective Memory 5.5 Conclusion References 6 Intangible Heritage and Resilience in Managing Disaster Shelters: Case Study in Japan 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background 6.3 Intangible Cultural Properties in North Eastern Japan 6.4 Intangible Cultural Property and Identity 6.5 Overview of Otsuchi 6.6 Machikata 6.7 Kirikiri 6.8 Kozuchi 6.9 Findings 6.10 Conclusion References 7 Water Gives, Water Takes Away. Memory, Agency and Resilience in ENSO—Vulnerable Historic Landscapes in Peru 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Understanding the North Coast of Peru and the Societies of the Pre-Hispanic Past 7.2.1 The Geographic Setting 7.2.2 The Cultural Setting: The Sicán and Chimú Societies 7.3 Discussion: Crises and Offering Sacrifices 7.4 Narrative and Memory to Increase Resiliency of Present Societies 7.5 On Perplexing Decisions and Actions, Values, Fears and Mentalities 7.6 Conclusion: Building Resilience by Learning How to Live with Water References 8 Intangible Cultural Economy, a Mould for Tangible Urban Built Fabric—The Case of Shahjahanabad, India 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Silk Route and the City of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi) 8.3 Baniya Community Mahallas (Pura’s) of Shahjahanabad 8.3.1 Physical Urban Structure of Dharampura 8.4 Potential Intangible Traits of Mahallas in Need of Conservation 8.5 Physical Transformation of Mahallas Affecting the Image of the City as a Silk Route City 8.5.1 Transformation of Building Use in Mahallas and Its Impacts 8.6 Historical Built Typologies and Trade-Based Community Semiotics in Need of Conservation 8.6.1 Haveli (Housing) Typology 8.6.2 Transformation of Haveli and Its Impacts 8.6.3 Semiotics in the Form of Ornamental Features 8.6.4 Transformation of Streets and Street Intersection Squares (Chowks) 8.6.5 Social Impacts Due to Physical Transformation of Neighbourhoods 8.6.6 Synthesis of Social and Physical Issues 8.7 Recommendations for a Heritage-Based Urban Regeneration of Neighbourhoods of Shahjahanabad 8.8 Conclusion References 9 The Tree: The Concept of Place After the Earthquake, L’Aquila 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Tree 9.2.1 Short History of L’Aquila, the City of 99 9.3 The Abandonment 9.4 The Reconstruction and Rejection of Contemporary Architecture in Historic Centre 9.5 The Concept of Place 9.6 Immota Manet as a Motto of Resilience 9.7 Conclusion References Part II Historic and Contemporary Reconstructions of Historic Cities 10 Marsica: One Hundred Years on 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Rebuilding: Where and How? 10.3 Building and Restoration: Materials and Technology 10.4 Conclusion References 11 Coventry: Shell or Phoenix, City of Tomorrow or Concrete Jumble? 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Shell and the Phoenix: The Reconstruction of St Michael’s Cathedral 11.3 From the “Coventry of Tomorrow” to the “Jumble of Cement” 11.4 Coventry and the New Renaissance: The Phoenix Initiative 11.5 Conclusion References 12 Post-trauma Recovery of Monumental Buildings in Italy and the US at the Beginning of Twentieth Century 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Preservation Efforts and the Role of Reinforced Concrete 12.3 Areas Studies: The Marsica and Texas 12.3.1 An Italian Case Study: The Church of Santa Lucia, Magliano De’ Marsi 12.3.2 An American Case Study: Mission San José Y San Miguel Aguayo, San Antonio 12.4 Conclusion References 13 Historical Town Centres and Post-seismic Reconstructions: Between Functional Recovery and Heritage Value Awareness 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Post-seismic Reconstructions Over the Last Fifty Years in Italy 13.3 Belice After 1968: Negating Identity 13.4 Friuli After 1976: Lights and Shadows of a “Model” Reconstruction 13.5 Irpinia After 1980: The Endless Reconstruction 13.6 Umbria and Marche After 1997: The “Integrated Reconstruction” 13.7 Abruzzo After 2009 and 2016–17: “Functional Return” in L’Aquila and in Minor Centres 13.8 Conclusion: “Identity” Does not Mean “Identical” References 14 Integrating Green Solutions into Post-earthquake Recovery of Bam, Iran 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Background: Green Solutions 14.3 Bam Reconstruction 14.4 Traditional Sustainable Solutions in Bam’s Garden-Houses 14.5 Green Reconstruction Challenges in Garden-Houses 14.5.1 Challenge 1: Revitalisation of Qanats and Gardens 14.5.2 Challenge 2: Wastewater Treatment 14.5.3 Challenge 3: Reuse of Solid Waste 14.6 Integrating Green Solutions and Traditional Vernacular Systems 14.7 Discussion 14.8 Conclusion References 15 Reconstruction of Heritage and Spirit: Mending the Scars of Aleppo 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Lost Heritage of Aleppo 15.3 Current Reconstruction Works in the Old City 15.3.1 The Restoration of the Umayyad Mosque 15.3.2 The Restoration of Suq al-Saqatiya 15.4 Developing a Reconstruction Strategy 15.4.1 Setting Priorities 15.4.2 Sustaining the Reconstructed 15.5 Conclusion References 16 Beyond the Damage, the Reconstruction of L’Aquila 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Eternal Recurrence of the Authentic 16.3 L’Aquila and Further Reconstruction Approaches 16.4 Twelve Restoration Projects in L’Aquila 16.5 Aesthetical Reconstructions 16.6 Selective Reconstructions 16.7 Facadist Reconstructions 16.8 Alternative Reconstructions 16.9 Conclusion References 17 The “Solidere” Effect and the Localisation of Heritage Reconstruction in Post-war Transitions, Libya 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The Solidere Model of Reconstruction 17.3 Locally Led Reconstruction as an Alternative Approach 17.4 The Case of Benghazi and “Bottom-Up” Reconstruction 17.5 Challenges 17.6 Conclusion References 18 Bell Towers Under (Seismic) Attack: Saving a Symbol, Once It Became a Menace 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Bell Towers: Seismic Behaviour and Damage 18.2.1 Italian Guidelines: Possible Collapse Mechanisms 18.3 The 2012 Emilia Earthquake: “Empiricism” or Learning from Damage 18.4 The Bell Tower of the Beata Vergine Del Rosario in Finale Emilia (MO) 18.5 The Bell Tower of San Lorenzo Martire in Casumaro Di Cento (FE) 18.6 The Bell Tower of Sant’Anna in Reno Centese (FE) 18.7 The Bell Tower of Sant’Egidio in Cavezzo (MO) 18.8 Conclusion References 19 Ancient City of the Future: Notes on the Reconstruction of Beirut 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Investigating the City’s Lived Space 19.3 Anamnesis of a Destruction 19.4 Rebuilding Beirut 19.5 The Urban Ambiance of Beirut’s Rebuilt Centre 19.6 Urban Affects After the Reconstruction 19.7 Conclusion: A New Reconstruction? References Part III Society, Governance and Collective Resilience 20 Bonding Between Urban Fabric and Capacity of Collective Resilience: The Case of Talca Historic Centre, Chile 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The Talca Case Study 20.2.1 Talca Before the Earthquake 20.2.2 Earthquake and Reconstruction 20.2.3 Citizens Action in Defence of the Escuelas Concentradas 20.3 Collective Action as a Tool for Reconstruction 20.3.1 Settlement Model and Collective Opportunities 20.3.2 The Value of Continuity 20.4 Conclusion: Complexity in Settlement Models as a Measure of Reduction of Social Risk References 21 Pre-disaster Examination as Post-disaster Managerial Thinking Ahead for Hoi An, Vietnam 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Tourism-Oriented Urban Heritage Maintenance System in Hoi An 21.3 Disaster Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction in Vietnam 21.4 A Multi-perspective and Multidisciplinary Model 21.5 What if? A Managerial Point of View for Hoi An 21.6 Conclusion References 22 Play Street: Experimenting Tactical Urbanism for Urban Resilience in Iran 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Dimensions of Community Resilience 22.3 The Experiment 22.4 The Experiment from Community Resilience Perspective 22.5 Local Knowledge and Capacity for Learning 22.6 Community Networks and Relationships 22.7 Improving Organisational Capacity and Communal Asset 22.8 Tactical Urbanism as an Enabling Tool 22.9 Conclusion References 23 The Preservation of Rural Landscapes for Building Resilience in Small Towns: Insights from North Italy 23.1 Introduction 23.1.1 Methodology 23.2 Between Heritage and Resilience: The Rural Landscape 23.2.1 The Marcita Meadows Landscape: A Case Study 23.2.2 The Highway Project 23.3 Results and Discussion 23.3.1 The Construction of Heritage 23.3.2 The Rural Landscape and Marcita Meadows 23.3.3 The Highway Project’s and Its Impact on the Rural Landscape 23.3.4 Rural Landscape Enhancing Resilience 23.4 Conclusion References 24 Antigua Guatemala, from History of Disasters to Resilient Future 24.1 Introduction 24.2 History and Disasters in Antigua 24.3 Disaster Risk Management for Cultural Heritage 24.3.1 Lessons from Japan 24.4 Resilient Cultural Heritage in Guatemala 24.5 Conclusion References 25 Emergency Management for the Built Heritage Post-earthquake: Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy, Italy 25.1 Introduction 25.1.1 The 2012 Earthquake 25.2 Emergency Management in Italy 25.3 Emergency Management for Cultural Heritage: New Approach 25.4 Surveillance and Cataloguing Tools 25.5 Two Examples in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna 25.6 Discussion: Advantages and Limitations 25.7 Conclusion References 26 Factors of Educational Poverty and Resilience Responses in L’Aquila’s Young Population 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Post-emergency and Educational Risk 26.3 Earthquake and Educational Risk: Some Qualitative Data 26.3.1 The School 26.3.2 Society 26.3.3 Extracurricular Training Opportunities 26.3.4 A Look at the Future 26.4 Concluding Discussion References 27 Dropout, Resilience and Cultural Heritage: A Focus of the ACCESS Project in a Highly Fragile Area 27.1 Introduction: Dropout, Earthquake and Resilience 27.2 The Survey 27.3 Main Results 27.4 New Perspectives to Counter the Dropout: Cultural Heritage as an Intervention Strategy 27.5 Conclusion References 28 How Can Teachers Promote Resilience in Schools? 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Why Talking About Resilience in Schools? 28.3 Schools and Promoting Resilience 28.4 Research Design of the Didactical Path 28.5 Method and Results 28.6 Conclusion References Part IV Bringing the 21st Century into Reconstruction 29 Cities in Transformation: Smarter Reconstruction in Historic City Centres 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The Post-earthquake Reconstruction of the Historic Centre of L’Aquila and Innovative Technologies 29.3 Innovative Tangible and Intangible Technologies for Historic City Centres 29.4 Evolution of the Concept of “Conservation” of Cultural Heritage 29.5 Citizenship Rights and Technological Innovations 29.6 Conclusion References 30 Evaluating Visitors’ Experiences at St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury 30.1 Introduction 30.2 St Augustine’s Abbey, What Remains and Whether to Restore Non-existing Artefacts? 30.3 Themes Around Digital Reconstruction 30.3.1 Technology for Heritage Context 30.3.2 Defined and Perceived Authenticity 30.3.3 Realism and Hyperrealism 30.4 Workflows for Digital Reconstruction of Non-existent Artefacts 30.5 Conclusion References 31 Seismic Microzonation: A Preventive Measure for the Conservation of the Built Heritage 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Seismic Microzonation 31.3 The Tower of Santa Maria Cathedral 31.4 Large-Scale Microzonation 31.4.1 Results of MASW Profiles (Large-Scale) 31.5 Small-Scale Microzonation 31.5.1 Results of MASW Profiles Under the Cathedral (Small-Scale) 31.6 Comparison of Vs Values from Large-Scale and Small-Scale 31.7 Conclusion References 32 The Representation of a Resilient City: The Case of Amatrice’s Reconstruction 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Framework Conventions for the Value of Cultural Heritage in Resilient Communities 32.3 Research Methodology: Coding Local Identity 32.4 Generative Algorithmic Simulation of Reconstruction Scenarios 32.5 Place-Identity Reconstruction Process Through Heritage BIM 32.6 Conclusion References 33 Evacuation Simulation Considering Tourists’ Attempts to Return Home: A Case of the Kiyomizu-dera Temple Area, Japan 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Background: Evacuation Behaviour and Simulation 33.3 Understanding Tourist Behaviour During Evacuation 33.3.1 Tourists’ Evacuation Behaviour 33.4 Analysis on the Selection of Evacuation Routes 33.5 Route Selection Rules on the Way to a Public Transportation Terminal 33.6 Route Selection on the Way to Shelter 33.7 Evacuation Simulation: The Case of Kiyomizu-dera Temple Area 33.7.1 Overview of Kiyomizu-dera Temple 33.7.2 Design of the Evacuation Simulation 33.8 Case Settings for the Simulation 33.9 Discussion 33.10 Conclusion References 34 Public Administration Versus Social Media in Emergency Situations 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Premises 34.3 Emergency Communication 34.4 Social Media Data in Italy 34.5 Analysis of the Use of #hashtags and @mentions 34.6 Conclusion References 35 Social Media and Disaster Management in Iran: Lorestan Floods as Case Study 35.1 Introduction 35.1.1 Collective Action and Social Media for Improving Disaster Management? 35.1.2 Background 35.2 Conceptual Framework 35.2.1 Social Media 35.2.2 The Relationship Between the Disaster Management Cycle and the Use of Social Media 35.2.3 The Relationship Between Social Media and Post-disaster Management Activities 35.3 Results 35.3.1 Organisations Involved in Flood Management and Their Responsibilities 35.3.2 The Relevant Organisations and Their Use of Social Media 35.3.3 Frequency of Social Media Usage 35.3.4 The Quality of Using Social Media in the Lorestan Floods, 2019 35.3.5 Findings from the Interviews: Challenges for the Government’s Use of Social Media 35.4 Conclusion References 36 Environmental Issues and Energy Potentials in Post-earthquake Reconstruction 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Context 36.3 Methodology 36.4 The Case Study: The City of L’Aquila 36.5 Discussion: The Way Forward 36.6 Conclusion References 37 A Multidisciplinary Approach to Retrofitting Historic Buildings: The Case of the Former San Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Developing an Operative Design Tool 37.3 The Case Study of the Former San Salvatore Hospital of L’Aquila 37.4 Enhancing Architectural Heritage Through Energy and Seismic Retrofit Optimisation 37.5 Conclusion References Index