Highs and Lows of European Integration : Sixty Years After the Treaty of Rome

In light of Europe's prolonged state of crisis, this book reassesses the challenges and prospects of the European integration process. Scholars from diverse disciplines reflect on various types of integration by analyzing political, economic and sociological variables, while also taking legal and cultural constraints into account. Readers will learn about the dilemmas and challenges of the European transformation process as well as political reforms to overcome these challenges. The book is divided into four parts, the first of which discusses the external dimension of the European Union, including a review of development aid policies and EU foreign policy. In turn, the second part focuses on institutional change and asymmetrical integration in the EU. The third part is devoted to the rise of populism and nationalism, including an analysis of the role of civil society organizations in the Brexit. In closing, the last part highlights the crisis of the Euro as a symbol of European integration and the emerging social and economic divide between countries of the North and South.-- Provided by publisher Contents 5 Introduction: The Current Crisis of the European Union, Its Origins and Consequences 7 1 The Current Crisis of the European Union and the Advantages of an Interdisciplinary Analysis: An Introduction 7 2 Current Challenges to the European Project 8 2.1 Geo-political Tensions (North-South, East-West) 9 2.2 Future Directions for the EU 10 3 Structure of the Book 11 3.1 Part I: The External Dimension of the European Union-European Development Aid, Enlargement Process in the Balkans, and the... 11 3.2 Part II: Institutional Change in the EU-The Rule of Law Crisis and Differentiated Integration as a Possible Solution 12 3.3 Part III: Populism and Nationalism in the EU-The Role of Institutions and Civil Society, Tensions in Central and Eastern E... 12 3.4 Part IV: Between Economic Divide and Social Cohesion-Features That Bond the EU Together and Centrifugal Forces 13 4 Concluding Remarks 14 Part I: The External Dimension of the European Union: European Development Aid, Enlargement Process in the Balkans, and the Ex... 15 At the Origins of European Foreign Policy: European Exceptionalism and the Case of Development Aid 16 1 European Development Aid and Colonial Legacy 17 2 Regional Versus Global: Working with French Traditions 19 3 The Lomé Model as a Foundation of EU Global Strategy? 21 4 Replicating Lomé? The Mediterranean Dimension 23 5 Political Conditionality and Europe as a Normative Power 26 6 Conclusions 27 References 28 From Enlargement Perspective to ``Waiting for Godot ́ ́? Has the EU Lost Its Transformative Power in the Balkans? 31 1 Good Things Come to Those Who Wait? Introduction 31 2 From ``Europeanization ́ ́ to Emphasis on ``Constitutional Identity ́ ́: A Change in Perspective 33 3 The Challenge of ``Unfinished ́ ́ States in SEE 35 4 ``EU Member-State-Building ́ ́ from the Outside? 37 5 Five Paradoxes Affecting the EU ́s Transformative Power in the Western Balkans 39 6 The State of Democracy: An Inside View 41 7 The EU in the Western Balkans: No Alternative? 44 8 A ``New Deal ́ ́ for the Western Balkans? 44 9 The End of Transition or ``Waiting for Godot ́ ́? 46 References 48 The Challenges of a Sanctions Machine: Some Reflections on the Legal Issues of EU Restrictive Measures in the Field of Common ... 52 1 Introduction 52 2 UN Sanctions in the Field of Terrorism and Their Implementation at EU Level 55 3 The Autonomous EU Terrorist List 57 4 Unjustified Sanctions: The Case of Some of Sanctions Against the Ukrainian Leadership After 2014 58 5 The Practice of Re-listing After the Annulment by the EU Courts 61 6 Brexit, the European Union, and Sanctions 61 7 Conclusions 63 References 65 Part II: Institutional Change in the EU: The Rule of Law Crisis and Differentiated Integration as a Possible Solution 66 The Multilevel Rule of Law System of the European Union: Eked Out, Contested, Still Unassured 67 1 The ``Rule of Law Crisis ́ ́ of the European Union 67 2 The Establishment of a Multilevel Rule-of-Law System in the EU 68 3 Obstacles Deriving from the National Level 71 4 Setbacks Deriving from the National Level 74 5 Reactions at EU-Level: Saving the Multilevel Rule of Law System? 77 6 Conclusion 81 References 82 ``United in Diversity ́ ́? Differentiated Integration in an Ever Diverse European Union 85 1 Introduction 85 2 The Historical Roots of Differentiated Integration 86 3 Enhanced Cooperation as a General Model of Differentiated Integration 89 4 Differentiated Integration in Action: The Cases of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), the Schengen Area, and the Area of... 92 4.1 Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 92 4.2 Schengen Area 94 4.3 Area of Freedom, Security and Justice 95 5 What Is Differentiated Integration? Some Hints for a Model 96 6 Differentiated Integration in the EU After the Crisis: ``An Ever Closer (Dis)union ́ ́? 99 References 102 Part III: Populism and Nationalism in the EU: The Role of Institutions and Civil Society, Tensions in Central and Eastern Euro... 105 All Quiet on the Brexit Front? UK Civil Society Before and After the UK ́s Referendum on Membership of the EU 106 1 The UK Referendum and Its Aftermath 107 2 Civil Society Before and After the UK Referendum 109 2.1 Defining Civil Society and Its Role in EU Affairs 109 2.2 Organised Civil Society Before and After the UK Referendum 110 2.3 Social Movement Organisations Before and After the UK Referendum 114 2.4 All Quiet on the Brexit Front? Explaining the Role of Civil Society in the UK Referendum 116 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 119 References 121 Populism, EU Institutions and Civil Society 122 1 Populism at EU Level 127 2 Changing Views of the European Project 129 3 The Commission and Populism 131 4 The EU Parliament and Populism 134 5 Organized Civil Society and Populism in Member States and at EU Level 135 6 Discussion 139 References 141 The Crisis, Economic Patriotism in Central Europe and EU Law 144 1 Introduction 144 2 Member State Economic Patriotism and the EU Single Market 146 3 Economic Patriotism in Hungary 148 4 In the Footsteps of Hungary? Poland ́s Gradual Shift Towards Economic Patriotism 154 5 Conclusion 161 References 161 Part IV: Between Economic Divide and Social Cohesion: Features that Bond the EU Together and Centrifugal Forces 165 Addressing the Core-Periphery Imbalances in Europe: Resource Misallocation and Expansionary Fiscal Policies 166 1 Introduction 166 2 Macroeconomic Heterogeneity in the Euro Area: Structural and Cyclical Aspects 168 3 Helping the Periphery: Is Boosting Aggregate Demand in the Core the Solution? 172 4 Convergence and Growth at the Regional Level: Some Stylized Facts 176 5 Regional Competitiveness: International Value Chains and Resource Misallocation 182 6 Aspirations/Resources Mismatch and Its Political Implications 185 7 Addressing the EA Competitive Imbalances in a Consistent Way 191 8 Closing Remarks 193 References 194 TARGET2: Understanding the Glue that Keeps the Euro Together 200 1 Introduction 200 2 The Accumulation of TARGET2 Liabilities in the Crisis Countries (2008-2012) 201 3 The Accumulation of TARGET2 Claims in the Safe Haven Countries (2008-2012) 204 4 A Counterfactual Analysis 206 5 The Asset Purchase Program Since 2015 207 6 Conclusion 209 References 209 The Social Dimension: The Missing Glue of European Integration? 211 1 Introduction 211 2 The Roots of Discontent 213 3 Social Policies as a National Prerogative 216 4 The Social Democratic and Liberal Cul-De-Sac 220 5 Conclusion 224 References 226 More or Less ``Social Europe ́ ́? The Challenges of European Social Policy After the Enlargement to Include Central and Eastern ... 229 1 Introduction 229 2 Origins and Developments of EU Social Policy: An Ambitious but Incoherent Path 231 3 The Disintegrative Effects on EU Social Policy of the Enlargement to Include Central and Eastern Countries and of the Recent... 235 4 The ``European Pillar of Social Rights ́ ́ and the Attempt to Relaunch the Social Dimension of the EU 241 5 Concluding Remarks 242 References 243 Conclusions 245 1 Institutional Change in the EU and the Populist Challenge 246 2 The Crisis of the Euro and the North-South Divide 248 3 The External Dimension of the EU 250 4 Concluding Remarks on the Trajectory of the EU 252 Front Matter ....Pages i-vi Introduction: The Current Crisis of the European Union, Its Origins and Consequences (Luisa Antoniolli, Luigi Bonatti, Carlo Ruzza)....Pages 1-8 Front Matter ....Pages 9-9 At the Origins of European Foreign Policy: European Exceptionalism and the Case of Development Aid (Sara Lorenzini)....Pages 11-25 From Enlargement Perspective to “Waiting for Godot”? Has the EU Lost Its Transformative Power in the Balkans? (Jens Woelk)....Pages 27-47 The Challenges of a Sanctions Machine: Some Reflections on the Legal Issues of EU Restrictive Measures in the Field of Common Foreign Security Policy (Antonino Alì)....Pages 49-62 Front Matter ....Pages 63-63 The Multilevel Rule of Law System of the European Union: Eked Out, Contested, Still Unassured (Annegret Eppler, Andreas Hackhofer, Andreas Maurer)....Pages 65-82 “United in Diversity”? Differentiated Integration in an Ever Diverse European Union (Luisa Antoniolli)....Pages 83-102 Front Matter ....Pages 103-103 All Quiet on the Brexit Front? UK Civil Society Before and After the UK’s Referendum on Membership of the EU (Louisa Parks)....Pages 105-120 Populism, EU Institutions and Civil Society (Carlo Ruzza)....Pages 121-142 The Crisis, Economic Patriotism in Central Europe and EU Law (Mónika Papp, Marton Varju)....Pages 143-163 Front Matter ....Pages 165-165 Addressing the Core-Periphery Imbalances in Europe: Resource Misallocation and Expansionary Fiscal Policies (Luigi Bonatti, Andrea Fracasso)....Pages 167-200 TARGET2: Understanding the Glue that Keeps the Euro Together (Nikolay Hristov, Oliver Hülsewig, Timo Wollmershäuser)....Pages 201-211 The Social Dimension: The Missing Glue of European Integration? (Ton Notermans)....Pages 213-230 More or Less “Social Europe”? The Challenges of European Social Policy After the Enlargement to Include Central and Eastern Countries and the Recent Economic and Financial Crisis (Matteo Borzaga)....Pages 231-246 Conclusions (Luisa Antoniolli, Luigi Bonatti, Carlo Ruzza)....Pages 247-256 In light of Europẻs prolonged state of crisis, this book reassesses the challenges and prospects of the European integration process. Scholars from diverse disciplines reflect on various types of integration by analyzing political, economic and sociological variables, while also taking legal and cultural constraints into account. Readers will learn about the dilemmas and challenges of the European transformation process as well as political reforms to overcome these challenges. The book is divided into four parts, the first of which discusses the external dimension of the European Union, including a review of development aid policies and EU foreign policy. In turn, the second part focuses on institutional change and asymmetrical integration in the EU. The third part is devoted to the rise of populism and nationalism, including an analysis of the role of civil society organizations in the Brexit. In closing, the last part highlights the crisis of the Euro as a symbol of European integration and the emerging social and economic divide between countries of the North and South. (A cura dell'editore)