Highlights of Astronomy: As Presented at the XIIIth General Assembly of the I.A.U. 1967 (International Astronomical Union Highlights, 1)

The XIIlth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, held in Prague from 22 to 31 August, 1967, brought together more than 1800 active astron­ omers from 40 countries. The agenda of the Assembly ranged from administrative questions to highly intricate scientific problems. Thirty-eight Presidents of the IAU Commissions contributed by their reports to a detailed survey of Astronomy for the period 1964-67. These reports were published in the Transactions of the IAU, Volume XIIIA. Transactions volume XIIIB bring the results of the administrative meetings and of the meetings of Commissions held during the General Assembly. The present volume is devoted to the most important scientific results of the General Assembly as presented in the Invited Discourses, Joint Discussions, and at Special Meetings. It is an established policy of the Union to invite prominent astronomers to hold, during the General Assembly, formal discourses on topics of major importance due to recent significant developments. These Invited Discourses cover, as a rule, broad fields of astronomical interest and are meant to give basic information also to scien­ tists from other branches. Subjects which call for a more detailed technical approach are dealt with in the Joint Discussions or at Special Meetings. Here, invited speakers present authoritative surveys complemented by communications on current or envisaged projects. The proceedings of two other meetings, on Moon Probes and on Coordination of Solar Observations Made at Ground-based Observatories and with Space Vehicles, are of a sufficiently wide interest to warrant the inclusion into this volume. Front Matter....Pages I-X Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Exploring the Moon....Pages 3-11 Couches Extérieures et Structure Interne des Étoiles....Pages 12-32 Radio Galaxies and Quasars, I....Pages 33-44 Radio Galaxies and Quasars, II....Pages 45-70 Front Matter....Pages 71-71 Introduction....Pages 74-74 Recent Techniques in Solar Optical Astronomy from Space....Pages 75-93 Ultraviolet Astronomy....Pages 94-107 New Techniques in X-Ray Astronomy....Pages 108-123 Solar and Interplanetary Magnetic Fields and Plasmas....Pages 124-135 Infrared Astronomy....Pages 136-147 Some Problems and Instrumental Features of Submillimeter Astronomy....Pages 148-163 New Techniques in Space Radio—Astronomy....Pages 164-175 Introduction....Pages 178-179 Surveys of X-Ray Sources....Pages 180-183 Recent Results on Extragalactic Cosmic X-Ray Sources from Rocket and Balloon Flights....Pages 184-187 A Cosmic X-ray Survey in the Southern Hemisphere....Pages 188-191 Results from Detailed Studies of X-ray Sources....Pages 192-201 The X-ray Spectra of Cygnus XR-1 and the Crab Nebula....Pages 202-205 Optical and Radio Information....Pages 206-209 Theoretical Review....Pages 210-215 Front Matter....Pages 71-71 X-rays Radiation of a Neutron Star as a Result of Gas Accretion....Pages 216-219 The Cosmic X-ray Background....Pages 220-227 The Occurrence of Lithium in Stars....Pages 230-232 Evidence for Lithium Destruction and Synthesis in Main-Sequence and Subgiant Stars of about Solar Mass....Pages 233-236 Observations of Beryllium in Stars....Pages 237-242 Lithium Observations in the Sun....Pages 243-246 On the Lithium Abundance in Sunspots and the Undisturbed Solar Atmosphere....Pages 247-250 The Formation of Li, Be, B Isotopes by the Spallation of CNO....Pages 251-254 What can We Learn from Li and Be Stellar Observations?....Pages 255-260 The Mixing of Lithium....Pages 261-275 Introduction....Pages 278-278 The AGK3, SRS and Related Projects....Pages 279-285 Recent Work on Fundamental Astrometry in the U.S.S.R.....Pages 286-291 Meridian Observations at Santiago, Chile....Pages 292-296 Preliminary Results of the Determination of Absolute Proper Motions of Stars Referred to Galaxies....Pages 297-300 Desiderata for FK5....Pages 301-305 Precession and Galactic Rotation on the Basis of Various Proper Motion Systems....Pages 306-310 The Relationships between Various Techniques for Obtaining Proper Motions....Pages 311-315 The Place of Accurate Proper Motions in Galactic Research....Pages 316-318 Études sur L’Emploi de Recouvrements de Plaques Pour L’Établissement de Catalogues Photographiques....Pages 319-337 Front Matter....Pages 71-71 The Overlap Approach toward the Derivation of Photographic Stellar Coordinates....Pages 338-342 Report on Overlap Methods in Photographic Astrometry....Pages 343-346 Relative Star Positions from Overlapping Photographic Plates....Pages 347-351 Optical Studies of Extragalactic Radio Sources....Pages 354-355 Optical Spectra of Extragalactic Radio Sources....Pages 356-360 Radio Observations of Angular Structure....Pages 361-370 Radio-Source Spectra and Their Time Variations....Pages 371-372 Infrared Observations of QSS....Pages 373-373 Millimetre-Wave Observations....Pages 374-374 The Nature of the Red-Shifts in Quasi-Stellar Objects....Pages 375-375 Theories Proposed to Explain Quasi-Stellar Objects and Radio Galaxies....Pages 376-378 A Cosmological Interpretation of the Absorption-Line Spectra of QSO....Pages 379-379 The Evolution of Quasi-Stellar Sources and Radio Galaxies....Pages 380-382 The Magnetodynamic Model of Quasars....Pages 384-388 A Rotating Disk Model for a Quasar....Pages 389-390 Shorter Contributions....Pages 391-392 Opening Remarks....Pages 394-395 On the Origin of the Algol Systems....Pages 396-408 The Evolution of Close Binaries and the Formation of the Wolf-Rayet Stars....Pages 409-413 White Dwarfs in Close Binary Systems....Pages 414-419 Front Matter....Pages 71-71 Arguments Indicating that Ap and Am Stars are Evolved Spectroscopic Binaries....Pages 420-431 Investigation of Possible Abundance Anomalies in Close Binaries of Spectral Types A0-A2 & F5-F6....Pages 432-436 The Evolution of Close Binaries and the Am Stars....Pages 437-442 Origin of Binaries from a Consideration of Angular Momentum....Pages 443-450 The Origin and Early Evolution of Close Binary Stars....Pages 451-451 The Structure of W Ursae Majoris Systems....Pages 452-452 Comments....Pages 453-454 A Model for the Nova Outburst....Pages 455-455 Concluding Remarks....Pages 456-458 Front Matter....Pages 459-459 A Description Of The Lunar Orbiter Spacecraft....Pages 462-470 Photographic Results of the Lunar Orbiter Program....Pages 471-523 Introduction....Pages 526-526 The Need of Ground-Correlated High-Resolution Space Observations in the Visible....Pages 527-529 Space Observations Needed for Improving Our Knowledge of Solar Flares....Pages 530-532 Space Observations of Flare Sprays and Related Surge Phenomena....Pages 533-537 The Needs and Requirements from the Standpoint of the Ultraviolet Solar Observations....Pages 538-540 Hard Solar X-Ray Bursts....Pages 541-543 Solar Gamma Rays and Their Correlation with Space and Ground-Based Observations....Pages 544-546 The Coordination of Ground-Based and Space Observations: Summary....Pages 547-548