High-pressure research in mineral physics : a volume in honor of Syun-iti Akimoto

About The Product Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series . In recognition of the profound contributions made by Professor Syun-iti Akimoto in high pressure-high temperature research, which have enhanced our understanding of the earth's interior, and for his tireless efforts in furthering the U.S.-Japan cooperative research program, it is most fitting to dedicate this volume to him. This volume in honor of Professor Akimoto is a symbol of cooperation in international science that is exemplified by his contributions. Content: Title Page ......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Preface......Page 5 A Tribute to Syun-iti Akimoto ......Page 7 Contents......Page 8 Introduction......Page 12 Phase Equilibrium Investigation Using QuenchingTechnique......Page 14 High-Pressure/ High-TemperatureI n Situ Measurements......Page 16 Outlook of High-Pressure Geophysics Research in theNear Future......Page 19 How Did the Earth's Core Form?......Page 20 How Much Can We Reduce the Uncertainty of TemperatureMeasurements at High Pressures......Page 21 REFERENCES......Page 22 Large-Volume Flat Belt FB Apparatus......Page 25 Design Procedures......Page 26 Shape of Dies and Anvils......Page 27 FEM Analysis for Die and Anvil......Page 29 Press Fitting......Page 31 Sample Chamber Design......Page 32 30,000-Ton Hydraulic Press......Page 34 REFERENCES......Page 36 X-Ray Diffraction with S D Anvils......Page 37 Experimental Procedures......Page 38 Experimental Results......Page 39 Discussion......Page 40 REFERENCES......Page 41 The Abrasion of Diamond......Page 42 Sawing......Page 43 Laser Cutting......Page 44 Anvil Design......Page 45 Future Possibilities......Page 46 REFFRENCES......Page 47 Introduction......Page 48 Experimental Design......Page 49 Calibration......Page 50 Optical Distortions at High Pressure......Page 51 Hydrostatic Compressiono f Glasses:E xperimental Testof the Image Shearing Technique......Page 54 Results......Page 55 Glass......Page 56 REFERENCES......Page 57 Lifetime of the R Fluorescence Line of Ruby......Page 59 Measurement of the Lifetime......Page 60 Experimental Results......Page 61 Discussion......Page 62 Simultaneous Temperature and Pressure Measurementin DAC's......Page 63 REFERENCES......Page 64 Introduction......Page 66 Design and Operation......Page 67 Applications......Page 69 Antimony......Page 70 REFERENCES......Page 72 High-Temperature Diamond-Anvil Cell......Page 74 Experimental Results......Page 76 Conclusions......Page 78 REFERENCES......Page 79 Introduction......Page 80 Experimental......Page 81 Results and Discussion......Page 83 REFERENCES......Page 87 Choice of the Starting Compositions......Page 89 Experimental Procedure......Page 90 Experimental Results......Page 91 Discussion......Page 93 REFERENCES......Page 94 Introduction......Page 96 Experiments......Page 97 Textural Observations by SEM......Page 98 Chemical Analyses by EPMA......Page 100 Eutectic Temperatures......Page 104 Discussion......Page 106 Phase Relations in the System Fe-Ni-O-S......Page 108 Core Formation Process......Page 109 REFERENCES......Page 111 Introduction......Page 113 Optical Properties in Relation to TemperatureMeasurement......Page 115 Temperature Gradients......Page 116 Experimental Technique......Page 118 Temperature Fluctuations and Their Determination......Page 121 Measurement of Temperature Gradients and the RadonTransform......Page 122 Summary and Conclusions......Page 126 REFERENCES......Page 127 Instrumentation......Page 128 Data......Page 129 Sample Analysis......Page 130 REFERENCES......Page 132 Experimental Technique......Page 133 Results and Discussion......Page 135 REFERENCES......Page 136 Introduction......Page 137 Experimental Procedure......Page 138 Room- Temperature Compressions......Page 139 Systematics of Ko in Pyroxene-Garnet Join......Page 141 Thermal Expansion of Garnets Under Pressure......Page 142 REFERENCES......Page 143 Experimental Methods......Page 144 Results and Discussion......Page 145 REFERENCES......Page 148 Experimental Methods......Page 150 Experimental Results......Page 151 Discussion......Page 152 Comparison of a-Fe--e-Fe Transition Studies......Page 156 Conclusions......Page 157 REFERENCES......Page 158 Introduction......Page 159 Results......Page 160 Hysteresis of the Phase Transition......Page 163 Mechanism of the bcc-hcp Phase Transition......Page 164 Phase Boundary of the bcc-hcp Transition in Iron......Page 165 REFERENCES......Page 166 Experiment......Page 167 Results......Page 168 REFERENCES......Page 169 Experimental......Page 171 High-Pressure Apparatus......Page 172 Phase Diagram of Mg2Ge04......Page 174 Kinetics of the Phase Transformation......Page 175 The Integration Method......Page 176 Full Data PO WLS Method......Page 178 Results and Conclusions......Page 179 REFERENCES......Page 180 Introduction......Page 181 Accuracy of the EXAFS Analysis......Page 182 EXAFS Under Pressure......Page 185 XANES......Page 186 REFERENCES......Page 187 Introduction......Page 188 Experimental Methods......Page 189 Results......Page 190 Discussion......Page 192 REFERENCES......Page 193 Introduction......Page 194 Suppression of Diamond Nucleation by RegrownGraphite......Page 195 Solubility Difference between Source Graphite andDiamond......Page 197 REFERENCES......Page 198 High Pressure and High Temperature Apparatus......Page 199 Experimental Results and Discussions......Page 201 Conclusions......Page 208 REFERENCES......Page 209 Experimental Procedures......Page 210 Ultrahigh-PressureP haseE quilibria and TheirGeophysicaIlm plications......Page 211 Constitution of the Deep Mantle......Page 216 REFERENCES......Page 217 Experimental Methods......Page 219 Experimental Techniques......Page 220 Experimental Results......Page 221 CaSi03 Perovskite in the Upper Mantle......Page 222 Implications for the Constitution and Dynamics of the Mantle......Page 226 REFERENCES......Page 229 Introduction......Page 231 Experimental Technique......Page 232 Results......Page 233 Discussion......Page 235 REFERENCES......Page 237 Introduction......Page 239 Experimental Methods......Page 240 Pyroxene-Garnet Transition in the Mantle......Page 244 Density and Bulk Sound Velocity Profiles in the Mantle......Page 245 REFERENCES......Page 247 Calorimetric Results and Phase Relations......Page 249 MnSi03......Page 251 CaGe03 and CdGe03......Page 252 Energy Systematics......Page 253 REFERENCES......Page 256 Experimental Methods......Page 257 Results and Considerations......Page 258 Discussion......Page 260 REFERENCES......Page 262 Results and Discussion......Page 263 REFERENCES......Page 265 Experiments......Page 267 Results......Page 268 Distortion of the Octahedron......Page 270 Calculation of Ox/OP......Page 271 REFERENCES......Page 272 Introduction......Page 274 The Thermodynamic Identities......Page 275 The Strategy......Page 276 Computation of Thermodynamic Parameters whichOrdinarily Involve Compression......Page 278 The Temperature Variation of Bulk Modulus......Page 279 Anharmonicity......Page 280 REFERENCES......Page 282 Volume Compression......Page 284 Results and Discussion......Page 285 Volume Compression......Page 288 REFERENCES......Page 289 Outline of Computational Method......Page 290 The Fluorite to I-PD02 Transition......Page 291 Successfual nd UnsuccessfuRl uns......Page 292 Disordered a-PbO2-type Structures......Page 293 REFERENCES......Page 296 Introduction......Page 297 Perovskite Structure......Page 298 Results and Discussion......Page 299 Lattice Dynamics of Distorted Perovskite......Page 301 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of StructuralProperties......Page 304 Thermoelastic Properties......Page 309 Composition Models of the Lower Mantle......Page 311 REFERENCES......Page 314 Experimental......Page 316 Results and Discussion......Page 317 REFERENCES......Page 320 Experimental......Page 321 Results and Discussions......Page 322 Conclusions......Page 324 REFERENCES......Page 325 Introduction......Page 326 Quartz......Page 327 Coesite......Page 331 Elastic Compression of Quartz and Coesite......Page 332 Higher Pressure Effects in Quartz and Coesite......Page 335 Thermodynamic Implications......Page 336 REFERENCES......Page 337 Definitions and Derivations......Page 339 Fayalite......Page 340 Discussion......Page 345 Summary......Page 346 REFERENCES......Page 347 Introduction......Page 348 Thermodynamic Considerations......Page 349 Equation of State of Mg,Fe2SiO4......Page 351 Sound Velocities and Temperatures for Shocked Olivine......Page 355 Conclusions......Page 357 REFERENCES......Page 358 Introduction......Page 360 Experimental Procedure......Page 361 Results......Page 362 Discussion......Page 365 REFERENCES......Page 367 Introduction......Page 368 Experimental Method......Page 369 Results......Page 372 Discussion......Page 375 REFERENCES......Page 376 Introduction......Page 378 Model Considerations......Page 379 Basic Model Assumptions......Page 380 Initial Conditions......Page 382 Release and Reshock States......Page 384 Application to Fe Targets......Page 386 Conduction in the Targ......Page 388 Radiative Transport in the Target......Page 391 Summary......Page 396 Choice of the Starting Material and ExperimentalConditions......Page 399 Experimental Procedures......Page 400 Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis......Page 401 Mineral Paragenesisin Mantle Peridotite along a ModelGeotherm......Page 407 REFERENCES......Page 408 Introduction......Page 410 Mantle Model......Page 411 400 km Discontinuity......Page 413 Transition Zone: 400-670 km......Page 414 Conclusions......Page 416 REFERENCES......Page 417 Equation of State......Page 418 Birch Equation......Page 419 Interdependenceo f K and K'......Page 420 Conclusions......Page 422 REFERENCES......Page 425 1. Introduction......Page 426 3.1. General Remarks......Page 427 3.3. Grain Boundary Migration Growth......Page 428 3.4. The Controlling Factors of Lattice......Page 430 Mechanism Maps for Olivine......Page 433 4. ComparisoWn ith Geologicaln dG eophysicalObservationasn di mplicationfso r SeismicA nisotropyin the Upper Mantle......Page 436 5. Discussion......Page 438 6. Summary......Page 439 REFERENCES......Page 440 Observations Related to Arc Volcanism......Page 443 A Heat Source Paradox......Page 444 Convection and Diapirs......Page 446 Model with Buoyant Flow Beneath the Volcanic Belt......Page 448 REFERENCES......Page 450 Author Index......Page 451 Index......Page 453 About The ProductPublished by the American Geophysical Union as part of the __Geophysical Monograph Series__. In recognition of the profound contributions made by Professor Syun-iti Akimoto in high pressure-high temperature research, which have enhanced our understanding of the earth's interior, and for his tireless efforts in furthering the U.S.-Japan cooperative research program, it is most fitting to dedicate this volume to him. This volume in honor of Professor Akimoto is a symbol of cooperation in international science that is exemplified by his contributions. Content: