High-Pressure Research: Application to Earth and Planetary Sciences: Syono/High-Pressure Research: Application to Earth and Planetary Sciences

About The Product Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series . The U.S.-Japan seminar in high-pressure research related to earth sciences was conceived by Professors S. Akimoto (Japan) and M. H. Manghnani (U.S.) to provide opportunities for interchangech of ideas and discussion on the research carried out in both countries. The seminars, held every five years since the first seminar in Hawaii in 1976, have played a significant role in promoting communications amongst high pressure research communities in Japan and the U.S. as well as other countries. During these 15 years, high-pressure research in mineral physics has acquired increased recognition among geophysicists as a subject that is vital to the understanding of the formation and evolution of the Earth. Progress in high pressure research has enabled us to achieve experimentally the pressures and temperatures of the interior Earth and other planetary interiors. Content: Title Page......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Preface......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Description of the System......Page 14 Stage......Page 15 Pressure Generation......Page 16 Temperature Generation......Page 18 Beam Characteristic of BL 13......Page 19 Application......Page 20 REFERENCES......Page 21 Apparatus......Page 23 Sample Environment......Page 25 REFERENCES......Page 27 High Pressure Apparatus......Page 28 Pressure Calibration and Distribution......Page 30 Temperature Calibration and Distribution......Page 32 Deviatoric Stress and Strain......Page 34 Oxygen Fugacity......Page 36 REFERENCES......Page 39 Compression of 7-Mg2SiO4 Up to 20 GPa......Page 41 High Pressure X -Ray Diffraction Experimenta t Room and High Temperatures......Page 43 REFERENCES......Page 44 Anvil Material......Page 45 DIA Type Cubic Anvil Apparatus......Page 46 Drickamer Anvil Apparatus......Page 48 REFERENCES......Page 49 Experimental Methods......Page 51 High TemperatureC ell and Phase TransformationS tudy......Page 52 Efficiency of Pressure Generation......Page 54 Phase Transformationsi n SomeA luminousM inerals......Page 55 Conclusion......Page 56 REFERENCES......Page 57 Instrumentation......Page 59 Heating and Temperature Measurement......Page 60 REFERENCES......Page 62 Experimental Details......Page 63 Results......Page 65 REFERENCES......Page 67 Introduction......Page 69 Pressure Determination......Page 70 The Diamond Anvil Cell and Heating System......Page 72 Test Experiments Using Brucite = Periclase + H20 Reaction......Page 73 Discussion......Page 74 REFERENCES......Page 75 Differential Drop-Solution Technique......Page 77 New ImprovedH igh TemperatureC alorimeter......Page 79 Future Directions......Page 81 REFERENCES......Page 82 Introduction......Page 83 Origin of the Samples......Page 84 Effect of Adsorbed Water......Page 87 Effect of Temperature and of Iron Content......Page 89 Effect of Pressure......Page 90 Discussion......Page 91 REFERENCES......Page 93 Introduction......Page 94 NaMgo.s Si o.5 Si206......Page 95 CaSi20 5 Phase and Other New Calcium-Silicates......Page 97 MgSiO3-Garnet and Other High-Pressure Silicates......Page 99 Phase E......Page 100 Structureo sf A lkali Silicate Glasses Quenched from Melts at High Pressure......Page 101 Structure of CaSiO3-Perovskite-Inverted Amorphous Phase......Page 103 REFERENCES......Page 104 Experimental Details......Page 106 Clinoenstatite Results......Page 107 Perovkite Results......Page 109 Evidence for a Possible Phase Transition......Page 111 REFERENCES......Page 112 Experimental......Page 114 Raman Scattering......Page 116 Acoustic sound velocity......Page 117 Orientation of a single crystal grown in DAC......Page 118 Equation of state......Page 120 REFERENCES......Page 121 Introduction......Page 122 High-Pressure Apparatus......Page 123 Pressure Calibration......Page 124 Temperature Calibration......Page 125 Starting Material......Page 127 Grain Size of Polycrystals......Page 128 Path Effect......Page 131 Acoustic Data......Page 134 Conclusions......Page 135 Appendix: Ceramic applications......Page 137 REFERENCES......Page 138 Flash X-Ray Diffraction under Shock Loading......Page 141 Spectroscopy for powder Sample......Page 142 Skin Model......Page 144 Energy Partitioning Model......Page 145 REFERENCES......Page 146 Introduction......Page 148 Equation of State......Page 149 Isotropic Elastic Moduli and the Effects of Temperature......Page 153 REFERENCES......Page 156 Experimental......Page 158 PressureD ependenceo f theE lastic Constants of Olivine......Page 162 Determination of the Equation of State of Fluids......Page 163 Concluding Comments......Page 166 REFERENCES......Page 167 Introduction......Page 168 Ultrasonic Interferometry--The Phase Comparison Method......Page 169 Exploratory Measurements on Polycrystalline Alumina......Page 170 Extension of the Techniquet o Small Specimens......Page 173 Sample Preparation and Characterisation......Page 176 Results......Page 177 Constraints on Transition Zone Composition......Page 178 REFERENCES......Page 181 High P-T X-ray Diffraction Measurements......Page 184 P- V- T Equations of State......Page 186 Discussion......Page 189 REFERENCES......Page 190 Elasticity......Page 191 Phase Transformations......Page 192 Thermal Expansion......Page 193 REFERENCES......Page 196 Introduction......Page 197 Bounds on the Water Content of the Lower Mantle......Page 199 Seismic Velocity of a Lower Mantle Containing Small Quantities of Partial Melt......Page 201 REFERENCES......Page 204 Experimental......Page 206 Data Reduction......Page 209 Results and Discussion......Page 210 REFERENCES......Page 212 Effective Ionic Radius at a Given Bond Length......Page 214 Ionic Compressibility......Page 215 Conclusions......Page 216 REFERENCES......Page 217 Introduction......Page 218 Starting Materials......Page 219 Obsidian......Page 220 Vistreous SiO 2......Page 221 Vitreous Ge02......Page 222 REFERENCES......Page 223 Transformation Mechanisms......Page 225 Transformation-Induced Faulting......Page 228 Reliability of Experimentation in Analogue Systems......Page 229 REFERENCES......Page 230 High Pressure Experiments......Page 232 Optical Microscopy......Page 233 Electron Microscopy......Page 234 Discussion......Page 236 REFERENCES......Page 237 Introduction......Page 239 Phase Transformations......Page 240 Chemical Microanalyses......Page 244 REFERENCES......Page 248 Phase Transformations and Temperature Profile in the Mantle......Page 250 Phase Transformations and Gravitational Force in the Descending Slab......Page 253 REFERENCES......Page 254 Homologous Temperature Dependence of Mechanical Properties of Peridotite......Page 256 Relation Between Viscosity and Seismic Q......Page 257 Seismic Structure Beneath the Northeastern Japan......Page 258 Viscosity Structure Beneath the Northeastern Japan......Page 259 Rheology and Island Arc Volcanism......Page 260 REFERENCES......Page 261 Introduction......Page 262 PreviousR esearcohn High-Pressure Hydrous Magnesium Silicates......Page 263 Phase A......Page 264 Phase E......Page 265 REFERENCES......Page 266 Introduction......Page 268 Starting Material......Page 269 Oxygen Fugacity Control......Page 270 Analyses......Page 271 Results......Page 272 Concluding Remarks......Page 273 REFERENCES......Page 274 SIMS......Page 275 Results and Discussion......Page 276 Conclusion......Page 278 REFERENCE......Page 279 Experimental......Page 280 Chondrodite: Significance and Zero Pressure Spectrum......Page 281 300-K Pressure Shifts of Chondrodite Vibrational Bands......Page 282 Structure of Laser-Heated Chondrodite......Page 284 High-Pressure Pyroxene Reaction with Water......Page 285 REFERENCES......Page 286 Experimental......Page 288 Grossular......Page 289 Hibschite......Page 291 REFERENCES......Page 294 Introduction......Page 296 Starting Materials......Page 297 Experimental Results......Page 298 Discussions......Page 299 Appendix: Least Squares of Fitting of the Partition Data......Page 301 REFERENCES......Page 303 Experimental Procedure......Page 305 Melting of MgSi03 Perovskite......Page 306 Melting of Mg o.9. Feo.12SiO4......Page 308 Gasparik, 1990.......Page 310 REFERENCES......Page 311 High Pressure Experiments......Page 313 Experimental Results......Page 314 Texture......Page 315 Pressure-temperature phase diagram......Page 316 Composition of the quenchedl iquid......Page 317 Effect of Water during Crystallization of Magma Ocean......Page 319 Effect of Water on Melt Composition......Page 320 REFERENCES......Page 321 Introduction......Page 322 Characterization of Recovered Specimens......Page 323 Results......Page 324 Shock Veins......Page 327 Implications to the Origin of Chondrites......Page 328 REFERENCES......Page 329 Introduction......Page 330 High Pressure and Temperature Experiment and Analysis of the Run Products......Page 331 Partitioning of Transition Elements and Silicon Between Mg-Perovskite and Iron, and Magnesiowustite and Iron......Page 332 Partitioning of the Elements Between the Mantle Minerals and the Ultrabasic Magma......Page 333 Mantle-Core Interaction in the Primordial Earth and theTransition Metal Abundances in the Mantle......Page 334 The Effects of Fractionations at Very High Pressure on theTransition Metal Abundance in the Mantle......Page 336 REFERENCES......Page 337 Introduction......Page 339 Compressional Velocities......Page 340 Shear Velocities......Page 341 Poisson's Ratio......Page 345 REFERENCES......Page 346 Experimental Methods......Page 348 Pressure-Volume Equationo f State......Page 351 Implications for Core Composition......Page 353 REFERENCES......Page 355 Introduction......Page 357 The SolubilityE nhancemenot f Hydrogeni n Metals Under High Pressures......Page 358 The Phase Diagram......Page 359 Hydrogen Volume Under Pressure......Page 360 Consequences of the Fe-H20 Reaction in the Magma Ocean: Dissolution of Light Elements in the Proto-Core......Page 362 Density Deficit of the Outer and Inner Core: Its Interpretation in Terms of Dissolved Light Elements......Page 363 REFERENCES......Page 367 Theoretical Models of Uranus......Page 370 ShockC ompression Experiments and the Giant Planets......Page 371 Hydrogen......Page 373 REFERENCES......Page 374 Introduction......Page 375 Observational Data......Page 377 Models of Jupiter......Page 378 Models of Saturn......Page 380 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 381 REFERENCES......Page 382 Introduction......Page 384 EOS in the Ice XII Phase......Page 385 Qualitative Discussions on Stable Structures......Page 386 REFERENCES......Page 389 Raman Scattering......Page 390 Diamond, BN, β-SiC......Page 391 SiC-polytypes: 6H and 15R......Page 392 Graphite......Page 394 REFERENCES......Page 397 Experiments......Page 398 Results......Page 399 Discussion......Page 400 REFERENCES......Page 401 Structure and Equation of State......Page 403 Raman Frequencies......Page 404 Elasticity......Page 405 GeophysicaIlm plications......Page 407 REFERENCES......Page 408 Computer-Experimenta......Page 410 Static Simulation at 0 K......Page 411 Conclusion......Page 413 REFERENCES......Page 415 Introduction......Page 417 Conventional Phenomenological Treatment of Pressure-Induced Phase Transition......Page 418 Antiphase Fluctuations......Page 419 Summary and Discussion......Page 421 REFERENCES......Page 422 Introduction......Page 423 Equilibrium Phase Boundary of the Rutile-aPb02 Transitionin Ti02......Page 424 Compression of aPbO2-Type Tio 2......Page 426 Equilibrium Phase Relations in MgSi03......Page 427 REFERENCES......Page 429 Experimental......Page 432 The Crystal Structure of the High Pressure Phase......Page 433 The Stable Region of the Baddeleyite Phase......Page 435 REFERENCES......Page 436 Experimental......Page 437 Result......Page 438 Discussion......Page 439 REFERENCES......Page 442 Experimental......Page 443 Results......Page 444 Stable Region of the A-Type Phase at Room Temperature......Page 446 Crystal Structures of the A- and C-Type......Page 447 REFERENCES......Page 448 High Pressure Studies on Zr......Page 450 Experimental......Page 451 Results and Discussion......Page 452 Results and Discussion......Page 454 Summary......Page 455 REFERENCES......Page 456 Introduction......Page 457 Raman Spectra......Page 459 X-Ray Diffraction......Page 460 Discussion......Page 461 REFERENCES......Page 463 Sample Preparation......Page 465 High Pressure Apparatus......Page 467 Densityo f theP ressure-InduceAdm orphous......Page 468 Mode of the Pressure-Induced Amorphization......Page 470 REFERENCE......Page 473 Introduction......Page 474 Experimental Methods......Page 477 Pressure Dependence of the Raman Spectra of Quartz-Structured and Glassy Ge02......Page 478 High Resolution Electron Microscopy......Page 481 Brillouin Scattering Measurements of Ge02 Glass......Page 482 Summary......Page 485 REFERENCES......Page 486 Experimental Methods......Page 489 Results......Page 490 Discussion......Page 492 Two-State Model......Page 493 REFERENCES......Page 494 Author Index......Page 496 Index......Page 498 About The ProductPublished by the American Geophysical Union as part of the __Geophysical Monograph Series__. The U.S.-Japan seminar in high-pressure research related to earth sciences was conceived by Professors S. Akimoto (Japan) and M. H. Manghnani (U.S.) to provide opportunities for interchangech of ideas and discussion on the research carried out in both countries. The seminars, held every five years since the first seminar in Hawaii in 1976, have played a significant role in promoting communications amongst high pressure research communities in Japan and the U.S. as well as other countries. During these 15 years, high-pressure research in mineral physics has acquired increased recognition among geophysicists as a subject that is vital to the understanding of the formation and evolution of the Earth. Progress in high pressure research has enabled us to achieve experimentally the pressures and temperatures of the interior Earth and other planetary interiors. Content: