Herbal Immunity Boosters​ ​Against COVID-19

This handbook provides an introduction to COVID-19 and herbal medications that boost the human immune system against SARS-CoV-2. The topics are covered in 7 chapters starting with an introduction to the disease, followed by notes on nutraceuticals and common herbal medicines that have therapeutic potential by enhancing the patient’s immune response. Special topics such as COVID-19 risk factors and Indian traditional medicines are also included to supplement the contents. The editors have taken advantage of the vast body of knowledge accumulated since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019. Chapters are written in simple language with structured headings to facilitate a quick understanding of the subject. References are provided for scholars interested in further readings. The book is a quick guide on immune boosting medicines for a broad audience that includes general medical practitioners, nurses, caregivers, and public healthcare workers involved in clinics working in local communities. Cover 1 Title 2 Copyright 3 End User License Agreement 4 Contents 6 Preface 11 List of Contributors 12 Origin of COVID-19 14 Aseem Setia1, Km. Nandani Jayaswal1 and Ram Kumar Sahu2,* 14 1. INTRODUCTION 14 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, ORIGIN AND THE TRANSMISSION OF CORONAVIRUS 17 3. CLASSIFICATION OF CORONAVIRUS 18 3.1. Differences and Similarities Between SARS, MERS, and the nCoV-2019 20 3.1.1. Similarities and Differences 20 4. STRUCTURE OF CORONAVIRUS AND ROLE OF THEIR PROTEINS 21 4.1. Coronavirus Structure 21 4.2. Spike Protein and its Drawbacks into the Host Body 22 5. MECHANISM OF VIRAL ENTRY 24 6. MODES OF TRANSMISSION 25 7. TREATMENTS OF COVID-19 27 7.1. Antiviral Agents 27 7.2. Natural Products 28 7.3. Vaccines 29 CONCLUSION 30 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 30 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 30 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 30 REFERENCES 30 COVID-19: Sign, Symptoms and Transmission 38 Saket Singh Chandel1,*, Deepshikha Verma2 and Vipinchandra Bhaskarrao Pande3 38 1. INTRODUCTION 39 2. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS AND SEVERITY STATUS OF COVID-19 PATIENTS 41 3. FACTORS THAT AGGRAVATE COVID-19 CONDITION 46 3.1. Age 46 3.2. Obesity 46 3.3. Smoking 47 3.4. Drinking 47 3.5. Immune System Condition 47 3.6. Human Selectivity and Reactivity 48 4. FACTORS THAT ENHANCE THE TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19 49 4.1. Misdiagnosis 49 4.2. Poverty 50 4.3. Perception and Illiteracy 50 4.4. Asymptomatic Patients 51 4.5. Climatic Influence 51 4.6. Low Vitamin D level 53 5. CONCLUSION 53 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 54 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 54 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 54 REFERENCES 54 A Silver Lining for Covid 19: Nutraceuticals and Plant Secondary Metabolites 59 Neetesh Kumar Jain1,* and Nitu Singh1 59 1. INTRODUCTION 59 2. IMMUNITY BOOSTER NUTRIENTS 62 2.1. Vitamin A 62 2.2. Vitamin B6 62 2.3. Vitamin B12 63 2.4. Vitamin C 63 2.5. Vitamin D 64 2.6. Vitamin E 65 2.7. Iron 66 2.8. Zinc 66 2.9. Selenium 67 2.10. Amino Acids 67 2.11. Arginine 67 2.12. Glutamine (GLN) 68 3. NUTRACEUTICALS 68 3.1. Probiotics 68 3.2. Omega-3 fatty Acids 69 3.3. β-glucans 69 3.4. Secondary Plant Metabolites Against COVID-19 Virus 70 3.4.1. Alkaloids 70 3.4.2. Terpenoids 71 3.4.3. Polyphenols/flavonoids 71 4. EMERGING CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS 73 5. CONCLUSION 74 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 75 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 75 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 75 REFERENCES 75 Risk Factors of Covid-19 Enhancing Transmission and Aggravating Patient’s Condition 83 Vishal Trivedi1,*, Vinod Nautiyal2 and Retno Widyowati3 83 1. INTRODUCTION 83 2. COVID-19 BIOLOGY (GENOME, GENE AND PROTEINS) 85 2.1. Virus Life Cycle 87 3. FACTORS OF DEMOGRAPHIC 88 3.1. Age and Gender 88 3.2. Ethnicity 88 4. FACTORS RELATED TO OCCUPATIONS 89 4.1. Smoking 89 5. COMPLICATION IN COVID-19 89 5.1. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) 89 5.2. Coagulation Disorders 90 5.3. Thromboembolism 91 5.4. Anticoagulants 92 6. RISK FACTOR OF CANCER AND COVID-19 92 6.1. Inflammation and Immune-Senescence 93 6.2. Metabolic Syndrome 94 6.3. Immunosuppression, Interferon and Neutrophilia 94 6.4. Relationships Between Cancer and Covid-19 Susceptibility or Therapies 95 7. ANTICANCER DRUGS USED TO INCREASE THE VULNERABILITY OF COVID-19 96 8. PRO-COVID-19 EFFECTS ON CANCER THERAPY 97 8.1. Interferon Therapy 97 8.2. Immune Blockers 97 8.3. JAK– IL-6–STAT3 Blockade 98 8.4. Androgen-Deprivation Therapy 99 8.5. Other Small Molecules 100 8.6. ANTIVIRAL DRUGS THAT HAVE SHOWN ANTITUMOR EFFECT AGAINST COVID-19 100 9. RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND COVID-19 101 9.1. Cardiovascular Comorbidities Underlying 101 9.2. Cardiovascular Manifestations of Diverse 101 9.2.1. Myocarditis 101 9.2.2. Cardiovascular Diseases and Covid-19 Bidirectional Interaction 102 9.2.3. Acute Coronary Syndrome 103 9.2.4. Heart Failure 103 9.2.5. Cardiac Arrest 104 9.2.6. Coagulation and Thrombosis 105 9.2.7. Kawasaki Disease 106 9.2.8. Immunocompromised Patients 106 10. ACE2 MANIFESTATIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 107 10.1. ACE2 DOWNREGULATION FOR COVID 19 108 10.2. THERAPEUTIC TARGET ACE2 108 10.3. COVID 19 BROAD TISSUE TROPISM 110 10.4. ENDOTHELIAL CELLS FOR VIRAL TARGETING 110 10.5. DRUG–DISEASE INTERACTIONS 111 10.5.1. RAAS Inhibitors On Covid 19 112 10.5.2. Antiviral Drugs for Cardiovascular Effects 112 10.5.3. Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin 113 10.5.4. Remdesivir 113 10.5.5. Lopinavir–ritonavir 113 CONCLUSION 113 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 114 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 114 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 114 REFERENCES 114 Indian Expedition against Covid-19 through Traditional Drugs 123 Rupesh Kumar Pandey1, Sokindra Kumar1, Lubhan Singh1, Priyanka Pandey2, Rakesh Sagar3, Ravindra Kumar Pandey4 and Shiv Shankar Shukla4,* 123 1. INTRODUCTION 124 1.1. Disease Etiology 124 1.2. Regulation of Spike Protein 125 1.3. Indian Traditional Drugs 125 2. INDIAN HERBAL FORMULATIONS USED AS IMMUNITY BOOSTER FOR COVID-19 126 2.1. Alium Sativam 126 2.2. Ocimum Sanctum 127 2.3. Cinnamomum Verum 127 2.4. Acacia Arabica 128 2.5. Azadirachta Indica 128 2.6. Citrus Limon 128 2.7. Zinger Oficinale 129 2.8. Curcuma Longa 129 2.9. Plant Metabolite Potential as Immunity Booster for Covid -19 130 2.9.1. Flavonoids 130 2.9.2. Polyphenols 130 2.9.3. Terpenoids 131 2.9.4. Dipeptides 131 3. SCOPE, CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTION 131 3.1. Challenges 132 3.2. Potential Solution 132 4. FUTURE PROSPECTS 133 CONCLUSION 134 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 134 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 134 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 134 REFERENCES 134 Herbal Therapy for COVID-19 139 Upendra S. Bhadoriya1,*, Ankit Jain1 and Sachin Kumar Jain1 139 1. INTRODUCTION 139 1.1. Herbal Therapy as a COVID-19 Treatment Option 141 2. COVID-19 HERBAL THERAPY/HERBS 142 2.1. Echinacea Purpurea 142 2.2. Curcumin 143 2.3. Cinchona SP., 143 2.4. Withania Somnifera 144 2.5. Planax Quinquefolius (Ginseng) 144 2.6. Fenugreek 144 2.7. Herbal Extracts and Nutraceuticals [29] 145 2.7.1. Vitamins 145 2.7.2. Minerals in the Diet 145 2.7.3. Probiotics 145 2.7.4. Omega-3 fatty Acids 145 2.8. Tinospora Cordifolia (Giloy, Guduchi) 146 2.9. Ocimum Sanctum, (Holy Basil, Tulsi) 146 2.10. Syzygium Aromaticum (Clove, Laung) 146 2.11. Sambucus Nigra (Elderberry) 147 2.12. Allium Sativum (Garlic, Lahsun) 147 2.13. Zingiber Officinalis (Ginger) 148 2.14. Traditional Indian Medicines 148 2.15. Rebooting of the Immune System 151 2.16. COVID-19 Herbal Therapy: The Role of Specific Phyto-constituents 152 2.16.1. Phenolic Compounds 153 2.16.2. Saponins 154 2.16.3. Alkaloids 154 2.16.4. Polysaccharides 154 2.16.5. Anthraquinones 155 3. HERBAL THERAPY'S FUTURE PROSPECTS AGAINST COVID-19 AND OVERCOMING CHALLENGES 155 FINAL THOUGHTS/CONCLUSION 156 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 156 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 156 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 156 REFERENCES 157 Herbal Immune-Booster for COVID-19 161 Raja Chakraborty1, Saikat Sen2, Bhargab Jyoti Sahariah3, Chayanika Bordoloi4,* and Sunil Mistry5 161 1. INTRODUCTION 161 2. OUTBREAK OF CORONAVIRUS IN THE 21ST CENTURY 163 3. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN CORONA PANDEMIC 164 4. PLANT BASED-IMMUNITY BOOSTER FOR COVID-19 166 4.1. Terpenoids 167 4.2. Polyphenols and Flavonoids 167 4.3. Dipeptides for COVID-19 168 4.4. Polysaccharides for Immunity 168 4.5. Vitamin D Rich Foods 169 4.6. Vitamin C and E Rich Foods to Induce Immunity 169 4.6.1. Vitamin A 170 4.6.2. Minerals 170 4.7. Nutraceuticals Supplements and Probiotics for Immunity 171 5. INDIAN SPICES APPLICABLE AS AN IMMUNE BOOSTER 171 5.1. Herbal Formulations for COVID-19 174 6. CHALLENGES, POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 174 CONCLUSION 175 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 176 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 176 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 176 REFERENCES 176 Subject Index 181 Back Cover 198