Hearing the scriptures : liturgical exegesis of the Old Testament in Byzantine Orthodox hymnography

This book explores a specific area of “reception history”: Byzantine hymnography’s use and interpretation of Scriptures, primarily the Old Testament (Septuagint), as part of Orthodox tradition. Lexical-biblical-theological analyses of selected Holy Week hymns show the distinctiveness of “liturgical exegesis” (hymnographic biblical interpretation) and its complementarity to “patristic exegesis.” Even though patristic exegesis and liturgical exegesis are closely interrelated in terms of authorship and basic methodology, this volume seeks to show the main dissimilarities between patristic (i.e., discursive) and liturgical (i.e., imagistic or intuitive) modes of biblical interpretation. The book aims to demonstrate the creativeness of “pre-critical” interpreters of the Bible, i.e., the Byzantine hymnographers. The volume’s introduction sums up the most important moments in the emergence of Byzantine Orthodox Holy Week, as well as the current structure of this liturgical cycle, with an emphasis on Byzantine hymnography. Part I of the book is a collection of lexical-biblical-theological analyses of selected Holy Week hymns spread over six days (and six chapters). The Holy Week hymnography was chosen as a case study for the rich and vast Byzantine hymnography. The analyses show different ways the Byzantine liturgists (i.e., hymnographers) incorporated and interpreted scriptural material, primarily Old Testament, in their hymns. Part II deals with liturgical exegesis and its key features and hermeneutical procedures. It also seeks to underline the differences between patristic biblical commentaries and Byzantine hymns, while advancing an analogy between liturgical exegesis and cubist art. "This is a book on the use and interpretation of Scriptures in Byzantine Orthodox hymnography. The idea of writing such a book emerged with the publication of my The Old Testament in Eastern Orthodox Tradition (Oxford University Press, 2014). In the last two chapters of that work, I dealt with two media through which liturgists have interpreted the Scriptures, namely, the "aural" (e.g., hymnography, lectionaries, homilies, etc.) and "visual" (e.g., portable icons, mosaics, frescoes, liturgical acts, etc.) modes of interpretation, which I coined "liturgical exegesis." In that work, I made a general remark about liturgical exegesis: "The condensed liturgical exegesis is again a challenge to hearers and readers to locate the texts, events, images, and figures woven into the hymnography." I took on that challenge myself, having researched and written the present book, which seeks to identify Scriptures in Byzantine hymnography, a challenge as difficult as finding the proverbial needle in a haystack. Through a comprehensive and minute analysis of selected hymns, I have strived to make sure that no scriptural needle, as tiny and unobservable as it might be (i.e., scriptural hapax legomena [Gr. forms "occurring once" in the Bible] or rare words), remains hidden in the depths of the hymnic tapestry. Therefore, the first goal of my research was to find Scriptures, primarily Old Testament, in Byzantine Orthodox hymnography. The selection criteria for which hymns to consider rested fundamentally upon the presence of references and hints of the Old Testament in the targeted hymns. However, due to the resilient "hiddenness" of scriptural material within the poetic fabric of the hymns, it took me quite some time to decide which hymns should be selected and then thoroughly analyzed. The second goal of my research was to identify key features and hermeneutical procedures characteristic of "liturgical exegesis" in comparison to "discursive exegesis" (i.e., the interpretive method of ancient biblical commentaries)."-- From the preface "This is a book on the use and interpretation of Scriptures in Byzantine Orthodox hymnography. The idea of writing such a book emerged with the publication of my The Old Testament in Eastern Orthodox Tradition (Oxford University Press, 2014). In the last two chapters of that work, I dealt with two media through which liturgists have interpreted the Scriptures, namely, the "aural" (e.g., hymnography, lectionaries, homilies, etc.) and "visual" (e.g., portable icons, mosaics, frescoes, liturgical acts, etc.) modes of interpretation, which I coined "liturgical exegesis." In that work, I made a general remark about liturgical exegesis: "The condensed liturgical exegesis is again a challenge to hearers and readers to locate the texts, events, images, and figures woven into the hymnography." I took on that challenge myself, having researched and written the present book, which seeks to identify Scriptures in Byzantine hymnography, a challenge as difficult as finding the proverbial needle i n a haystack. Through a comprehensive and minute analysis of selected hymns, I have strived to make sure that no scriptural needle, as tiny and unobservable as it might be (i.e., scriptural hapax legomena [Gr. forms "occurring once" in the Bible] or rare words), remains hidden in the depths of the hymnic tapestry. Therefore, the first goal of my research was to find Scriptures, primarily Old Testament, in Byzantine Orthodox hymnography. The selection criteria for which hymns to consider rested fundamentally upon the presence of references and hints of the Old Testament in the targeted hymns. However, due to the resilient "hiddenness" of scriptural material within the poetic fabric of the hymns, it took me quite some time to decide which hymns should be selected and then thoroughly analyzed. The second goal of my research was to identify key features and hermeneutical procedures characteristic of "liturgical exegesis" in comparison to "discursive exegesis" (i.e., the interpretive method ^of ancient biblical commentaries)."-- Throughout the ages, interpreters of the Christian scriptures have been wonderfully creative in seeking to understand and bring out the wonders of these ancient writings. That creativity has often been overlooked by recent scholarship, concentrated as it is in the so-called critical period. In this study, Eugen J. Pentiuc illuminates the remarkable way in which the Byzantine hymnographers (liturgists) expressed their understanding of the Old Testament in their compositions, an interpretive process that he terms "liturgical exegesis." In authorship and methodology, patristic exegesis and liturgical exegesis are closely related. Patristic exegesis, however, is primarily linear and sequential, proceeding verse by verse, while liturgical exegesis offers a more imaginative and eclectic mode of interpretation, ranging over various parts of the Bible. In this respect, says Pentiuc, liturgical exegesis resembles cubist art. To illuminate the multi-faceted creativity of liturgical exegesis, Pentiuc has chosen the vast and rich hymnography of Byzantine Orthodox Holy Week as a case study, offering a detailed lexical, biblical, and theological analysis of selected hymns. His analysis reveals the many different and imaginative ways in which creative liturgists incorporated and interpreted scriptural material in these hymns. By drawing attention to the way in which the bible is used by Byzantine hymnographers in the living Orthodox tradition, Hearing the Scriptures makes a ground-breaking contribution to the history of the reception of the scriptures. cover 1 Hearing the Scriptures 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Contents 8 Preface 10 Acknowledgments 14 Abbreviations 16 Notes on Editions and Translations 20 Introduction: Brief Overview of Byzantine Orthodox Holy Week 22 Part I 56 1. Chastity: Joseph and the Midnight Bridegroom—​Holy Monday 58 2. Loyalty: Three Youths in a Fiery Furnace—​Holy Tuesday 83 3. Bravery: A Daring Woman and a Hiding Eve—​Holy Wednesday 115 4. Offering: Wisdom’s Freely Shared Banquet—​Holy Thursday 141 5. Suffering: The Slaughtered Lamb and the Distraught Ewe—​Good Friday 198 6. Overcoming: Jonah and the Never-​Setting Light—​Holy Saturday 248 Part II 304 7. Key Features and Hermeneutical Procedures 306 Glossary of Liturgical Terms 340 Bibliography 424 Index of Names and Topics 442 In this innovative work, Eugen J. Pentiuc illuminates the way in which the Byzantine hymnographers expressed their understanding of the Old Testament in their compositions. He uses the vast and rich hymnography of Orthodox Holy Week as a case study.