Health Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals : Pre-Emptive and Integrated Approaches

"This book presents the frontier research of toxicology and health risk assessment of chemicals. First, it provides an overview of the current methods of evaluating safety amounts of chemicals and provides a new aspect of the principle of toxicology. Secondly, it shows recent research where the new method of health risk evaluation is adopted, followed by an integrated health risk assessment of chemicals. Finally, it describes the epigenetic inheritance of chemical impact on health throughout several generations. Estimating the safety amount of chemicals surrounding our lives is not sufficient for health risk evaluation, particularly for carcinogenic compounds, endocrine disruptors, and nano materials. The authors group has found a family of chemicals linked to ADHD through animal screening and identified its chemical nature using chemoinformatics methods. Based on these new developments, this book proposes to utilize the biomarker common to those chemicals for health risk assessment, independent of exposure routes and physiological dimensions. The book appeals to researchers and students in the field of toxicology, health risk assessment, pharmacology, and public health." Provided by publisher Preface Acknowledgments Contents Chapter 1: Introduction References Part I: Current Health Risk Assessment of Chemicals Chapter 2: The Safe Dose in the Utilization of Chemicals 2.1 Dose-Response Curve 2.2 Health Risk Assessment of Rotenone and Simazine 2.2.1 Rotenone 2.2.2 Simazine 2.3 Health Risk Assessment of Dioxin-Induced Malformation of Reproductive Organs References Chapter 3: Carcinogens 3.1 Carcinogens 3.2 Health Risk Assessment of Carcinogens 3.2.1 Long-Term Carcinogenicity Studies 3.2.2 Carcinogenicity Studies with Surrogates 3.3 Dose-Response Curve and Carcinogenic Mechanism of Benzo[a]Pyrene 3.3.1 Carcinogenic Mechanism of Benzo[a]Pyrene 3.4 Various Carcinogens and their Dose-Response Curves 3.5 Research on Carcinogens by Prof. Shoji Fukushima 3.6 Dose-Response Curve of TPA (12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-Acetate) 3.7 How to Interpret the Dose-Response Curve 3.8 Health Risk Assessment of Radiation 3.9 Genome Mutation 3.9.1 Mutation as a Factor in the Evolution 3.9.2 Mutation as a Factor of Carcinogenesis 3.9.3 Establishment of Mutagenicity Study Methods 3.10 Characteristics of Cancer 3.10.1 Carcinogenic Process in Colorectal Cancer 3.11 Ideas Relating to the Health Risk Assessment of Carcinogens 3.12 Concept of the Lifetime Risk of Carcinogenesis 3.12.1 Carcinogenic Risk of Benzo[a]Pyrene 3.12.2 Carcinogenic Risk of Chlordane 3.12.3 Benchmark Dose Method (BMDL: Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Level) 3.13 Experiment on Cells with a Tumorigenic Probability of 10-6 3.14 The Signature of Cancer Genome Mutation References Chapter 4: Endocrine Disruptors 4.1 Dose Response of Endocrine Hormones 4.2 Dose Response of Bisphenol A 4.3 Carcinogenicity Evaluation of Bisphenol A 4.4 Health Risk Assessment of Bisphenol A 4.5 Strict Set Values for EU References Chapter 5: Nanomaterials 5.1 Physical Properties of Nanomaterials 5.2 Nanomaterials 5.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 5.3 Dose-Response Curve of Nanomaterials 5.4 Carcinogenicity Evaluation of Carbon Nanotube 5.4.1 Health Risk Assessment of MWNT-7 References Chapter 6: Epigenetic Chemicals 6.1 Epigenetic Chemicals 6.2 The Impact of Arsenic on the Epigenetic Mechanism References Chapter 7: Toward the Integrated Health Risk Assessment of Chemicals 7.1 Toxicology, Epidemiology, and Health Risk Assessment 7.2 Predominance of the Epidemiological Data 7.3 Dichloromethane (DCM) and 1,2-Dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) 7.3.1 Recent Cases of Cholangiocarcinoma References Part II: New Concepts of Toxicological Mechanisms of Chemicals Chapter 8: Expanded Toxicological Mechanisms of Chemicals 8.1 A Strategy for New Aspects of Health Risk Assessment 8.2 Three Exposure Routes of Chemicals 8.2.1 Contact Toxicity 8.2.2 Main Pathways of Exposure to Chemicals 8.2.2.1 Oral Physiology (Gastrointestinal Pathway) 8.2.2.2 Inhalation Physiology (Respiratory Pathway) 8.2.2.3 Dermal Physiology (Cutaneous Pathway) References Chapter 9: Fields and Exposure Periods 9.1 Regulating Toxicological Onset by Fields 9.2 Dynamic Toxicity 9.2.1 Migrating Toxicity: α-Synuclein 9.3 Critical Windows for Toxicity 9.4 Development of the Central Nervous System 9.5 Neural Crest Cells References Chapter 10: Environmental Chemicals as Plasticity Disruptors 10.1 Plasticity in Development 10.2 Brain Plasticity 10.3 Chemical-Induced Plasticity Disruption 10.3.1 Thalidomide 10.3.2 Fetal Minamata Disease 10.3.3 DES 10.4 Chemicals and Symbiosis References Part III: Integrated Health Risk Assessment of Chemicals Chapter 11: It Began with the Pharmacological Evaluation of Endocrine Disruptors 11.1 Availability of Animal Models of Neuronal Disorder 11.2 Pioneer Works of Rat Hyperactivity Models by Dr. Shaywitz 11.3 Pharmacological Approaches for Endocrine Disruptors 11.3.1 Bisphenol A (BPA) 11.3.2 ADHD-Related Chemicals 11.3.3 Brain Chemicals and Central Detoxification Mechanisms 11.4 Pathological Features in the Hyperactive Rat Brains 11.5 Results of Pharmacological Evaluation on Endocrine Disruptors 11.6 Evaluation of Endocrine Disruptors Under the Exposure Scenario 11.6.1 Bisphenol A (BPA) 11.6.2 p-Nitrotoluene 11.6.3 Atrazine 11.7 Epidemiological Evidence of the Relationship Between Endocrine Disruptors and ADHD References Chapter 12: Integration of Health Risk Assessment for Various Chemicals: Common Biomarkers in Different Exposure Routes 12.1 Hyperactivity-Related Chemicals 12.1.1 Rotenone 12.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles 12.1.3 Benzo[a]pyrene 12.2 Hyperactivity-Related Air Pollutants 12.2.1 SOA (Secondary Organic Aerosol) 12.2.2 PCB 12.2.3 DEP (Diesel Exhaust Particles) 12.2.4 Adult ADHD 12.3 Epidemiological Evidence of the Relationship between Air Pollution and ADHDAir Pollution and ADHD 12.4 Voluntary Movement 12.5 Dopamine Nervous System: A Common Sensor for Chemical Toxicity 12.5.1 Reward and Learning 12.6 Development of the Dopamine Nervous System 12.6.1 The Birth of Mesencephalic DA Neurons 12.6.2 Development of the Striatum References Chapter 13: Toward a Dimension-Free, Pre-Emptive, Integrated Health Risk Assessment of Chemicals 13.1 Peripheral Pathology as a Precursor for Central Nervous System Disorders 13.1.1 Relationship Between the Brain and the Intestines 13.2 Physiology of the Intestines 13.2.1 Development of the Intestines 13.2.2 Enteric Nerves 13.3 Prion: Migrating Pathological Protein 13.3.1 Parkinson ́s Disease 13.3.2 Alzheimer ́s Disease 13.4 Common Elements in Five Types of Psychiatric Disorders 13.4.1 Autism 13.4.2 Autism and the Intestines 13.4.3 ADHD 13.4.4 Coexistence of ADHD and Autism 13.5 Other Chemical-Induced NCD (Noncommunicable Disease) 13.5.1 Obesogen 13.6 Alzheimer ́s Disease and Diabetes Mellitus References Part IV: Transgenerational Inheritance of Chemical Toxicity Chapter 14: Inheritance of Neurological Disorders 14.1 Single-Gene Disorders 14.2 Multifactorial Disorders 14.2.1 Parkinson ́s Disease 14.2.2 Alzheimer ́s Disease 14.2.3 ADHD 14.2.4 Autism References Chapter 15: Epigenetics 15.1 Epigenetics in Biology 15.1.1 Transposon 15.1.2 X-Chromosome Inactivation 15.1.3 Reprogramming 15.2 De Novo Methylation 15.3 Epigenetics in Neurological Disorders 15.3.1 Rett Syndrome 15.3.2 Fragile X Syndrome 15.3.3 ADHD 15.3.3.1 Micro RNA of ADHD 15.3.4 Autism References Chapter 16: Environmental Epigenetics 16.1 Food Intake and Epigenetics 16.2 Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A 16.3 Epidemiology of Environmental Epigenetics 16.4 Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Chemical Toxicity 16.5 Research by Dr. Skinner 16.6 Transgeneration of Rat Hyperactivity Disorder References Index