Health Promotion in Disease Outbreaks and Health Emergencies

__The book is exceptionally timely and will be of interest to many professionals, students and academics. I am not aware of any other book that covers this important topic. Glenn Laverack brings credibility and kudos having direct experience of health emergencies and seen as a leading academic thinker in health promotion.__ Dr James Woodall, Reader in Health Promotion, Leeds Beckett University __Using specific examples to illustrate broader concepts, this text provides a solid introduction to health promotion in infectious disease outbreaks__. Ella Watson-Stryker, Health Promotion Manager, Médecins Sans Frontières __This book is timely given the current humanitarian and development scenarios in which health promoters and development communicators must work. There is a dire need for reference materials for practitioners which expand upon theoretical/scientific concepts and principles and provide practical, straightforward guidance to professionals working in the field. The increasing amount of public health emergencies, e.g. SARS, Ebola, Zika etc. require professionals to increase their preparedness to respond in outbreak or disaster situations and this book becomes a useful tool for needed action.__ Dr Erma Manoncourt, Vice-President of Membership and Co-Chair Global Working Group on the Social Determinants of Health, IUHPE, Paris, France. This is the first ever practical guide to the valuable role that health promotion can play in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. Over the past 20 years the number of disease outbreaks has increased alongside a significant role played out by international agencies involved in emergency responses. The book comprehensively covers the role that health promoters have in this new and exciting field of international work including data collection, communication, community capacity building and engagement and rumour management. * Part 1 provides a detailed overview of the role of health promotion in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. * Part 2 directly addresses the role of health promotion in two distinct types of disease outbreaks: person to person and vector borne disease transmission. * Part 3 covers the role of health promotion in specialist areas of work in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. __Health Promotion in Disease Outbreaks and Health Emergencies__ is essential reading for health promotion and public health students worldwide, as well as for UN agencies and international NGOs working in this emerging field. Cover 1 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Contents 6 List of boxes 12 List of figures 16 Preface 18 Acknowledgements 22 Chapter 1: Health promotion, disease outbreaks and health emergencies 24 Health Promotion 25 Disease outbreaks and health emergencies 26 Disease prevention 27 Super-spreaders and disease outbreaks 29 Programme management 30 Top-down and bottom-up styles of management 31 Programme design considerations 32 Coordination 32 Time frame 33 Programme budget 33 Monitoring and evaluation 34 Human resources for health in disease outbreaks 34 Staff deployment in disease outbreaks 35 Professional competencies for health promotion 36 Key stakeholders in disease outbreaks and health emergencies 37 Community 37 Non-government sector 38 Faith-based organisations 38 Government services 39 United Nations agencies 40 Chapter 2: Collecting information effectively and quickly 42 An evidence-based practice for health promotion 42 Quantitative approaches to data collection 44 Epidemiological data 44 Lay epidemiology 45 Knowledge, attitude and practice surveys 46 Designing a KAP survey 46 Rapid KAP surveys 47 Qualitative approaches to data collection 48 Qualitative interviewing 48 Observational methods 49 Starting the inquiry to collect qualitative information 49 Gaining in-depth information 50 Keeping a record of the inquiry 51 Analysing the qualitative information 51 Validation in using qualitative information 52 Collecting qualitative information in a cross-cultural context 53 Data collection that promotes participation 54 The role of anthropology 55 Anthropological recommendations for response actions 56 Understanding complex cultural situations 57 Chapter 3: The public communication approach 60 Empowerment or behaviour change? 61 The link between education and empowerment 61 Behaviour change communication 62 Addressing the gap between knowledge and behaviour change 63 Message development 64 Communication for development 65 Social Marketing 67 Community radio 67 Social media 69 Face-to-face communication 70 Peer education 71 Using a storytelling approach 72 Unserialised posters 73 Three-pile sorting cards 73 The story with a gap 74 Chapter 4: The risk communication approach 76 The role of risk communication 77 Health education 78 Social mobilisation 79 Risk factors 80 Strengthening risk communication 82 Involving the community 82 Preparation phase 82 Response and control phase 84 Recovery phase 84 Fear-based interventions 84 Working with volunteers and lay health workers 85 Chapter 5: Engaging with communities 88 What is ‘community’? 88 Working in different settings 89 Working in urban neighbourhoods 89 The community engagement framework 90 Stakeholder connection 92 Communication 92 Needs assessment 92 Informing the wider community 93 Strengthen community capacity 94 Building partnerships 95 Follow-up 96 Community engagement and clinical trials 96 Engaging with the study community 97 Community empowerment 99 Health activism 101 Chapter 6: The global Ebola virus disease response 104 The role of health promotion in preventing the spread of the Ebola virus 106 Community-Led Ebola Action 106 Step 1. Preparation 107 Step 2. Triggering  107 Step 3. Action planning 108 Strategic planning for collective decision-making 108 Ranking key options 108 Decision-making on the key actions to be taken 109 Decisions on the key activities for each action taken 109 Identification of resources 109 The decision-making matrix 110 Step 4. Follow-up 110 The role of health promotion in safe and dignified burials 111 Assemble all necessary equipment 112 Arrival at the deceased patient home: Prepare burial with family and evaluate risks 113 Sanitise the environment 115 Transport the coffin or the body bag to the cemetery 115 Burial at the cemetery: Place coffin or body bag into the grave 115 Burial at the cemetery: Engaging the community for prayers 116 The role of health promotion in Ebola Community Care Units 116 Community engagement and ECCUs 116 ECCU Planning Phase 117 ECCU Operational Phase 118 ECCU Exit Phase 118 Chapter 7: Health promotion and person-to-person disease outbreaks 120 Avian Influenza 121 Health promotion and avian influenza 123 People who work directly with poultry during an outbreak 123 The general population and the transmission of avian influenza 124 Cholera outbreaks 125 Cholera preparedness 125 Health promotion and cholera outbreaks 126 Hygiene promotion 127 Working with groups to prevent cholera 129 Poliovirus outbreaks 130 The Global Polio Eradication Initiative 131 Health promotion and the poliovirus 132 Challenges to polio eradication 133 Middle east respiratory syndrome outbreaks 134 Health promotion and MER-CoV 136 Chapter 8: Health promotion and vector-borne disease outbreaks 138 Integrated Vector Management 139 Zika virus outbreaks 140 Health promotion and the Zika virus 141 The Zika Strategic Response Framework and health promotion 142 Detection 142 Prevention 143 Care and support 144 Research 145 Nipah Virus Infection outbreaks 145 Health promotion and Nipah virus infection  146 Animal-to-human transmission 146 Human-to-human transmission 147 Chikungunya disease outbreaks 147 Health promotion and chikungunya outbreaks 148 Yellow fever outbreaks 149 Health promotion and yellow fever outbreaks 151 Health promotion messages and yellow fever 151 Health promotion and vaccination campaigns 153 The key activities 153 Building small-scale activities 153 Advocacy activities 154 Communication and social mobilisation 154 The operational steps 154 Identifying the district communication focal point 154 Developing a local action plan 154 Defining the main messages 155 Getting the right media mix 155 Training communicators and mobilisers 155 Working with networks 156 Chapter 9: Addressing rumour, resistance and security issues 158 Community rumours 159 Rumour identification 160 Rumour investigation 161 Rumour correction 162 Resistance and conflict resolution 162 Military coordination 164 Community quarantines 165 Community-led quarantines 166 Violence and protests 167 Cross-border issues 168 Community management of cross-border movement 169 Chapter 10: The post-outbreak and emergency response 172 Community Resilience 174 The role of health promotion in the post-outbreak response 175 Addressing stigma and social isolation 176 Self-help groups 177 Working with post-outbreak survivors 177 Survivor networks 178 Survivor inclusion in blood and plasma donations 179 Preparation 179 Stage 1 181 Identifying and locating the verified ebola survivors 181 The support package 181 Stage 2 182 Blood and plasma donation 182 The continuation of a convalescent plasma programme 182 Counselling and survivor support initiatives 182 Health promotion and medical complications 184 Glossary 186 References 190 Index 204 A 204 B 204 C 204 D 205 E 205 F 206 G 206 H 206 I 206 K 207 L 207 M 207 N 207 O 207 P 207 Q 208 R 208 S 209 T 209 U 209 V 209 W 210 X 210 Y 210 Z 210 The book is exceptionally timely and will be of interest to many professionals, students and academics. I am not aware of any other book that covers this important topic. Glenn Laverack brings credibility and kudos having direct experience of health emergencies and seen as a leading academic thinker in health promotion. Dr James Woodall, Readifer in Health Promotion, Leeds Beckett University. Using specific examples to illustrate broadifer concepts, this text provides a solid introduction to health promotion in infectious disease outbreaks. Ella Watson-Stryker, Health Promotion Manager, Mâedecins Sans Frontiáeres. This book is timely given the current humanitarian and development scenarios in which health promoters and development communicators must work. There is a dire need for reference materials for practitioners which expand upon theoretical/scientific concepts and principles and provide practical, straightforward guidance to professionals working in the field. The increasing amount of public health emergencies, e.g. SARS, Ebola, Zika etc. require professionals to increase their preparedness to respond in outbreak or disaster situations and this book becomes a useful tool for needed action. Dr Erma Manoncourt, Vice-President of Membership and Co-Chair Global Working Group on the Social Determinants of Health, IUHPE, Paris, France. This is the first ever practical guide to the valuable role that health promotion can play in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. Over the past 20 years the number of disease outbreaks has increased alongside a significant role played out by international actors involved in emergency responses. The book comprehensively covers the role that health promoters have in this new and exciting field of international work including data collection, communication, community capacity building and engagement and rumour management. Part 1 provides a detailed overview of the role of health promotion in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. Part 2 directly addresses the role of health promotion in two distinct types of disease outbreaks: person to person and vector borne disease transmission. Part 3 covers the role of health promotion in specialist areas of work in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. Health Promotion in Disease Outbreaks and Health Emergencies is essential reading for health promotion and public health students worldwide, as well as for UN agencies and international NGOs working in this emerging field The book is exceptionally timely and will be of interest to many professionals, students and academics. I am not aware of any other book that covers this important topic. Glenn Laverack brings credibility and kudos having direct experience of health emergencies and seen as a leading academic thinker in health promotion. Dr James Woodall, Reader in Health Promotion, Leeds Beckett University. Using specific examples to illustrate broader concepts, this text provides a solid introduction to health promotion in infectious disease outbreaks. Ella Watson-Stryker, Health Promotion Manager, Médecins Sans Frontiáeres. This book is timely given the current humanitarian and development scenarios in which health promoters and development communicators must work. There is a dire need for reference materials for practitioners which expand upon theoretical/scientific concepts and principles and provide practical, straightforward guidance to professionals working in the field. The increasing amount of public health emergencies, e.g. SARS, Ebola, Zika etc. require professionals to increase their preparedness to respond in outbreak or disaster situations and this book becomes a useful tool for needed action. Dr Erma Manoncourt, Vice-President of Membership and Co-Chair Global Working Group on the Social Determinants of Health, IUHPE, Paris, France. This is the first ever practical guide to the valuable role that health promotion can play in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. Over the past 20 years the number of disease outbreaks has increased alongside a significant role played out by international actors involved in emergency responses. The book comprehensively covers the role that health promoters have in this new and exciting field of international work including data collection, communication, community capacity building and engagement and rumour management. Part 1 provides a detailed overview of the role of health promotion in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. Part 2 directly addresses the role of health promotion in two distinct types of disease outbreaks: person to person and vector borne disease transmission. Part 3 covers the role of health promotion in specialist areas of work in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. Health Promotion in Disease Outbreaks and Health Emergencies is essential reading for health promotion and public health students worldwide, as well as for UN agencies and international NGOs working in this emerging field The book is exceptionally timely and will be of interest to many professionals, students and academics. I am not aware of any other book that covers this important topic. Glenn Laverack brings credibility and kudos having direct experience of health emergencies and seen as a leading academic thinker in health promotion. Dr James Woodall, Reader in Health Promotion, Leeds Beckett University Using specific examples to illustrate broader concepts, this text provides a solid introduction to health promotion in infectious disease outbreaks. Ella Watson-Stryker, Health Promotion Manager, Médecins Sans Frontières This book is timely given the current humanitarian and development scenarios in which health promoters and development communicators must work. There is a dire need for reference materials for practitioners which expand upon theoretical/scientific concepts and principles and provide practical, straightforward guidance to professionals working in the field. The increasing amount of public health emergencies, e.g. SARS, Ebola, Zika etc. require professionals to increase their preparedness to respond in outbreak or disaster situations and this book becomes a useful tool for needed action. Dr Erma Manoncourt, Vice-President of Membership and Co-Chair Global Working Group on the Social Determinants of Health, IUHPE, Paris, France. This is the first ever practical guide to the valuable role that health promotion can play in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. Over the past 20 years the number of disease outbreaks has increased alongside a significant role played out by international actors involved in emergency responses. The book comprehensively covers the role that health promoters have in this new and exciting field of international work including data collection, communication, community capacity building and engagement and rumour management. Part 1 provides a detailed overview of the role of health promotion in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. Part 2 directly addresses the role of health promotion in two distinct types of disease outbreaks: person to person and vector borne disease transmission. Part 3 covers the role of health promotion in specialist areas of work in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. Health Promotion in Disease Outbreaks and Health Emergencies is essential reading for health promotion and public health students worldwide, as well as for UN agencies and international NGOs working in this emerging field This book is the first ever practical guide to the valuable role that health promotion can play in disease outbreaks and health emergencies. The author draws on his personal international experience as well as including a range of case studies taken from disease outbreaks and health emergencies from Europe, Asia, the Americas and Africa.