Health Care Waste Management and COVID 19 Pandemic : Policy, Implementation Status and Vaccine Management

This book deals with the general principles, policy instruments, sustainability of supply chain, and business of health-care waste (HCW) management including inputs on exercise in immune health defense against COVID 19. Health-care waste management is very important in any country for protection of environmental and animal and human health. The COVID-19 pandemic, in addition, has augmented this importance to a greater extent. Italy has been successful in curbing the problems related to HCW management during the COVID-19 pandemic at very fast rates from the worst situation, while for a few countries in Asia and Africa, challenges still exist. It is necessary that policy makers, researchers, and implementers gain more knowledge and information on these aspects and improve the strategies and actions. Addressing these issues will reduce the cost of health care as well as resource inefficiency hindering sustainable development goals. This book is of interest and useful to practitioners, capacity builders and policy makers, entrepreneurs, NGOs, and general people, and is a valuable source of reference to the relevant researchers and students in global markets. The book serves as a reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of environmental science, waste management, and medical science. National and international scientists as well as policy makers will also find this to be a useful read. Contents Part I: COVID 19 Waste Management and Cultural Perspectives Waste Management During Pandemic of COVID-19 in India, Italy, and the USA: The Influence of Cultural Perspectives 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 The Italian Scenario 2.2 The USA Scenario 2.3 The Indian Scenario 2.3.1 Present Situation 2.3.2 Challenges 2.3.3 Actions Taken 2.3.4 Legislative Guidelines in India for SARS-CoV-2 Generated Wastes 2.3.5 COVID-19 Second Wave 2.4 Discussion and Analysis 2.5 Conclusion References Part II: Health Care Waste Management and Case Studies Clinical Waste Management in Malaysia and COVID-19 Waste Management Case Study 1 Introduction and Definition 2 Policy/Regulations/Guidelines in Malaysia on Clinical Waste 2.1 Policy and Regulations 3 Generation of Clinical Waste 4 Composition of Clinical Waste in Malaysia 5 Management of Clinical Waste 5.1 Privatization and Companies Involved 5.2 Collection of Clinical Waste 5.3 Treatment of Clinical Waste 5.4 Ash Management by Kualiti Alam 5.5 Additional Regulation 6 COVID-19 and Clinical Waste 6.1 COVID-19 Variants 6.2 COVID-19 Vaccine 6.3 Generation of COVID-19 Related Clinical Waste 6.4 COVID-19 and Composition of Clinical Waste 6.5 COVID-19 and Household Clinical Waste Management 7 COVID-19 Clinical Waste Management: A Case Study 7.1 Management of COVID-19 Clinical Waste at the Hospital 7.1.1 Amount of Clinical Waste Generated 7.1.2 Source Separation of Clinical waste 7.1.3 Storage of Clinical Waste 7.1.4 Transport and Treatment of Clinical Waste 7.1.5 Training Related to Management of Clinical Waste Related to COVID-19 7.1.6 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 8 Conclusion References Waste Management Related to COVID-19 in the Noncontact Era: Case Study of the Republic of Korea 1 Introduction 2 Current Status of COVID-19 Pandemic in Korea 2.1 Status on the Spread of COVID-19 2.2 Lifestyle Change in Noncontact Society 2.3 Changes in Household Waste Generation in COVID-19 Pandemic 3 Medical Waste Management in Korea 3.1 Classification of Medical Waste 3.2 Medical Waste Generation 3.3 Management of Medical Waste 3.4 Management of Isolated Medical Waste Related to COVID-19 4 The Waste of Personal Protective Equipment 4.1 Source for the Waste Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 4.2 The Waste PPE Generation 4.3 Management of the Waste PPE 5 Issues and Perspectives of Waste Related to COVID-19 References Healthcare Waste Management and Post-Pandemic Countermeasures: The Case of the Philippines 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Brief Background of the Philippines 4 Definition and Categories of Healthcare Wastes in the Philippines 5 Policies and Regulations on Managing Healthcare Waste in the Philippines 5.1 Issues and Challenges in the Implementation of Health Care Waste Management Policies and Regulations 6 Healthcare Waste Management System in the Philippines 6.1 HCW Management Planning 6.2 HCW Minimization 6.3 HCW Segregation, Collection, Storage, and Transport 6.4 Health Care Waste Treatment and Disposal 6.4.1 Healthcare Waste Generation Before Pandemic 6.4.2 Healthcare Waste Disposal Before Pandemic 6.4.3 Healthcare Waste Generation During Pandemic 6.4.4 Healthcare Waste Disposal During Pandemic 6.5 Issues and Challenges on the Health Care Waste Management System 6.5.1 Rapid Increase in the Amount of Healthcare Wastes 6.5.2 Improper Handling and Management of Waste 6.5.3 Lack of Institutional Capacity and Weak Coordination Among National Agencies 6.5.4 Lack of Awareness 7 Post-Pandemic Countermeasures/Innovations in Managing Healthcare Waste: Lessons from Selected Cases 7.1 Department of Health: Mitigation, Preparedness, and Recovery 7.2 Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)-Mitigation, IEC 7.3 LGU Initiative: The Case of Pasig City Using Community-focused Strategy 7.3.1 Monitoring, Preparedness, Recovery, Strengthening of RA 9003, and Elimination of Single Use Plastic 7.4 Healthcare Without Harm-IEC 7.5 Opportunities/Lessons Learned (Direct and Indirect Opportunities) 8 Conclusion and Recommendations References Part III: Management of Non-Medical Waste Infected by SARS-CoV-2 The Immediate Italian Response to the Management of Non-medical Waste Potentially Infected by SARS-CoV-2 During the Emergency ... 1 Introduction 2 Waste Management 2.1 Waste Packing and Delivering by the Users 2.2 Waste Transport 2.3 Waste Treatment 3 Communication Strategy 4 Conclusion References Part IV: Health Care Waste Management During Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Scenario Overview of Infectious Healthcare Waste Management in Thailand in Pre- and During COVID-19 Context 1 Introduction: Healthcare Facilities, Healthcare Coverage, and Medical Tourism in Thailand 1.1 Healthcare Facilities 1.2 Healthcare Coverage 1.3 Medical Tourism 2 Healthcare Waste (HCW): Definition, Institutional, and Policy Frameworks 2.1 Defining Healthcare Waste 2.2 Institutional Arrangements for HCW Management in Thailand 2.3 Legal Frameworks for HCW Management in Thailand 3 Pre-COVID-19 Healthcare Waste Generation in Thailand 4 Healthcare Waste Management Practices in Pre-COVID Times 4.1 Collection, Storage, and Transportation 4.1.1 Segregation and Collection 4.1.2 Storage and Training of Healthcare Waste Management Personnel 4.1.3 Personal Protective Equipment 4.1.4 Transportation 4.1.5 Transport Trolleys 4.2 Treatment and Disposal of HCW 4.2.1 Healthcare Waste Management Methods and Treatment Technologies 5 Issues Related to Healthcare Waste Management 6 Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Thai Healthcare Management in Thailand 7 Conclusions References Health Care Waste Management in Nepal: Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Scenario 1 Background 1.1 Health Care Waste Management (HCWM) 1.2 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Nepal 1.3 Impact of Second and Third Waves of COVID-19 in Nepal 1.4 COVID Vaccination Management in Nepal 1.5 Chapter Objectives 2 Methods 2.1 HCW Categorization in Nepal 2.2 Significance of Proper HCWM 2.3 Global Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Waste Management Practices 2.3.1 Pre-COVID-19 HCWM Scenario 2.3.2 Post-COVID-19 Waste Management Practices 2.4 Nepalese HCWM Scenario 2.5 Hazards of Improper HCWM Practice 2.6 Economic Implications of HCWM 2.6.1 Cost of Inaction on HCWs (Hazards of Improper HCWM) 2.6.2 Cost of HCWM 2.7 Health Care Scenario in Nepal 2.8 Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Waste Management Practices in Nepal 2.8.1 Pre-COVID-19 2.9 Waste Management Legislations in Nepal 2.10 Environment Protection Act, 2019 2.11 Constitution of Nepal, 2015 2.12 Health Care Waste Management Guideline, 2014 2.13 Solid Waste Management Rules, 2013 2.14 Solid Waste Management Act, 2011 2.15 Environment Protection Rules, 1997 (EPR, 1997) 2.16 Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization) Act, 1987 2.17 Nepal as the Signatory to the International Legislations Related to HCWM 2.18 Strengths and Weaknesses of Health Care Waste Management Practice in Nepal 2.19 HCWM During Post-COVID Period 2.19.1 Guiding Principles for COVID-19 Related HCWM in Nepal 2.20 Challenges in Waste Management in the Post-COVID-19 Periods 3 Future Prospects 4 Conclusions References COVID-19 and Healthcare Waste Management (HCWM) in Myanmar: Perspectives from the Triple R (Response, Recovery, and Redesign) 1 Introduction 2 HCWM in Myanmar: Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic 2.1 HCW Generation 2.2 Practice of HCWM 2.2.1 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycling) 2.2.2 Waste Segregation, Storage, and Collection 2.2.3 Waste Transportation and Disposal 2.3 Institutional and Policy Framework 2.3.1 Policy Setup 2.3.2 Institutional Setup 3 Measures to Mitigate Impacts of COVID-19 in HCWM: Perspectives from the Triple R (Response, Recovery, and Redesign) 3.1 HCWM Sector Became more Vulnerable to the COVID-19 Pandemic 3.2 Planning HCWM Based on Triple R Framework (Response, Recovery, and Redesign) 3.2.1 Response 3.2.2 Recovery 3.2.3 Re-Design 4 Conclusions References Part V: Healthcare Waste Management and Impact of COVID-19 Healthcare Waste Management Practices in Nigeria: A Review 1 Introduction 1.1 Classification of Healthcare Wastes 1.1.1 Biomedical Waste in Nigeria and Their Sources 1.1.2 Biomedical Waste Control Laws and Policies in Nigeria 1.2 Major Sources of Healthcare Wastes (HCW) in Nigeria 1.2.1 Healthcare Facilities Location in Nigeria 1.3 Current Healthcare Wastes Collection and Handling Methods 1.3.1 Healthcare Waste Management Studies in Nigeria 2 Management of Healthcare Waste in Nigeria 2.1 Waste Incineration 2.2 HCW Treatment 2.3 Sharps 2.4 HCW Segregation 2.5 Management 3 Legislative Framework for Healthcare Waste Management in Nigeria 3.1 Challenges Faced by Nigerian Healthcare Centers 3.2 Impacts of Poorly Managed Biomedical Waste on the Environment and Health 4 Conclusion References Medical Waste Management in Lebanon and Impact of COVID-19 1 Introduction 2 Classification of Medical Waste 3 Policy/Regulations/Legal and Institutional Framework in Lebanon on Medical Waste 3.1 Existing Policy, Legal, and Institutional Framework 3.2 Policy and Regulations in Relation to COVID-19 Pandemic 4 Generation of Medical Waste 5 Management of Medical Waste 5.1 Privatization and Existing Medical Waste Treatment Facilities 5.2 Collection and Treatment of Medical Waste 6 Management of COVID-19 Related Medical Waste 7 Conclusion References Global Picture of COVID-19 Pandemic with Emphasis on European Subcontinent 1 Introduction 2 First Month of COVID-19 Infection 3 COVID-19 Disease and Coronavirus 4 Why Lungs Are Severely Affected? 5 Other Coronavirus Diseases 6 Who Can Be Infected? 7 Clinical Manifestation 8 Symptoms of COVID-19 9 Laboratory Diagnosis 10 Transmission of COVID-19 11 Why Controlling of COVID-19 Is Very Challenging? 12 Comparison of Epidemiological Data 13 Prediction About Disease Dynamics 14 Containment Measures 14.1 Non-pharmaceutical Interventions 14.2 Drugs 14.3 Vaccine 15 Healthcare Waste Management 16 Conclusion References Part VI: Preventive Measures to Indirectly Reduce COVID 19 Waste Generation: Vaccination and Rehabilitation COVID-19 Vaccination in India 1 Introduction 2 Resilience and the Risks to Global Health Security 3 Immunisation Programmes in India 4 Development Steps of COVID-19 Vaccine 5 Types of Vaccine Worldwide and Their Use 6 Supply Chain of the COVID-19 Vaccine 7 Vaccine Nationalism 8 Right to Vaccination 9 Economics of Vaccination 10 Present Status of Vaccination in India 11 Discussion 12 Conclusion References Vaccination for the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 1.1 SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Variants 1.2 Vaccinations 1.2.1 Brief Introduction to Vaccines Types of Vaccines Inactivated Vaccine Live Attenuated Vaccines Toxoid Vaccines Subunit and Conjugate Vaccines Messenger RNA (m-RNA) Vaccines 1.3 Covid-19 Vaccines 1.3.1 The COVID-19 Vaccination Program 2 Conclusion and Way Forward References Exercise in Immune Health Management and Rehabilitation Against COVID-19 1 Introduction 2 Exercise as Safeguard to Immune Health in the Perspective of COVID-19 Diseases 2.1 Role of Exercise on Immune Health 2.2 Exercise Effect on SARC Cov2 Virus 2.3 Immune Response to Exercise against SARS-CoV2 Viral Infection 2.4 Exercise and Host Immune Resistance 2.5 Exercise and Immune Defense 3 Fight Against Covid-19 Disease: Proposed Exercise Protocol 3.1 Exercise and Immune Function 3.2 Regular Moderate Exercise and Immune Response 3.3 Exercise Protocol and Specific Model of Exercise 3.4 Fitness Exercise Program During COVID-19 Pandemic 3.5 Recommended Exercises for Various Health Conditions During Covid-19 3.6 Exercise Load, Immune Response, and Infection Risk 4 Exercise Induced Immune Defense Mechanism of Covid -19 4.1 Exercise and Signaling Pathways of Immune System 4.2 Exercise and Modulation of Immune Function 5 Conclusion 6 Recommendations of Future Research References Part VII: Third Wave of COVID Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Third Wave: Impact on Social, Economic, Health, Educational, and Waste Management Aspects 1 Introduction 2 SARS-CoV-2 Variants: An Overview 3 The Appearance of Third Wave 4 Impact and Effectiveness of Vaccination 5 Impact of Third Wave on Economy and Lockdown 6 Impact of Third Wave on Social Aspects 7 Impact of Third Wave on Waste Management 8 Impact of Third Wave on Health and Health Care System 9 Impact on Education System 10 Discussion and Data Analysis 11 Conclusion References