Health and Wellness in Antiquity through the Middle Ages (Health and Wellness in Daily Life)

Cover; Title; Copyright; Contents; Series Foreword; 1. Factors in Health and Wellness; Health and Disease in History; Health, Disease, and the Body; Disease Theory in the Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia and Egypt; Disease Theory in the Western Medical Tradition: Greece, Rome, the Islamic World, and Medieval Europe; Disease Theory in Indian Ayurvedic Medicine; Disease Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine; Health and Social Well-Being; 2. Education and Training: Learned and Non-Learned; Medical Learning in the Ancient Near East; Mesopotamia; Egypt.;Brings together material on the history of medicine in many different cultures, from antiquity through the Middle Ages Encourages a comparative study of the role of medicine in world history Highlights the special role of medicine in society and how the delivery of health care is shaped by different cultural belief systems and practices. Health And Wellness In Antiquity Through The Middle Ages Compares And Contrasts Health-care Practices In Seven Different Cultures From Around The World. In Considering The Range Of Medical Practitioners In Each Society, And The Kinds Of Health Care They Provided, It Examines The Development Of A Written Medical Tradition, The Methods Of Medical Education, The Practice Of Surgery, And The Theories And Practices Of Pharmacy. Other Topics Include The Application Of Medicine In Specific Contexts, Such As The Treatment Of Women, Children, And Those With Mental Illness. Another Important Theme Explored Is The Impact Of Religion And State Institutions On The Development, Implementation, And Results Of Medical Care As Experienced By Real People In Real Life. Throughout, The Book Offers An International Historical Perspective, Which Allows For Greater Comparative And Critical Understanding Of How Different Cultural Beliefs Influenced The Development And Management Of Health Care. Factors In Health And Wellness: -- Health And Disease In History -- Health, Disease, And The Body: Disease Theory In The Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia And Egypt ; Disease Theory In The Western Medical Tradition: Greece, Rome, The Islamic World, And Medieval Europe ; Disease Theory In Indian Ayurvedic Medicine ; Disease Theory In Traditional Chinese Medicine -- Health And Social Well-being -- Education And Training : Learned And Non-learned: --medical Learning In The Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia ; Egypt -- Medical Learning In The Ancient Greek And Roman World: Hippocratic Medicine ; Galen And The Hippocratic Tradition -- Medical Learning In India: The Written Tradition Of Ayurvedia: The Origin Of The Ayurvedic Medical Texts ; Medical Education -- Medical Learning In China: Foundations Of Traditional Chinese Medicine ; The Rise Of Formal Medical Education -- Medical Learning In The Islamic World: Translation And The Written Tradition Of Islamic Medicine ; Practitioners And Their Training -- Medical Learning In Medieval Europe: Translation And The Rise Of Universities ; The Hierarchy Of Medical Practitioners And The Non-learned Tradition Of Medieval Medicine -- Religion And Medicine: Faith, Magic, And Healing In Mesopotamia And Egypt: Gods And The Causes Of Disease ; Religious Healing In Ancient Mesopotamia ; Magical Cures In Egypt -- Religious And Naturalistic Medicine In Ancient Greece -- Medicine And Religion In India And China: Magic And Medicine In Early Indian And Chinese Civilizations ; Confucianism And Taoism In Chinese Medical Thought ; Buddhism To Indian Medicine -- Faith Healing In The Islamic And Christian Traditions: Prophetic Medicine In The Islamic World ; Magical And Miracle Cures In Medieval European Medicine -- Women's Health: -- Gynecology: Women's Bodies And Women's Diseases: Mesopotamia And Egypt ; Greek And Roman Gynecological Literature ; Gynecology In Ayurvedic Medical Literature -- Gynecology In Traditional Chinese Medicine ; Female Practitioners And Women Patients In The Islamic World ; The Secrets Of Women And Male Physicians In Medieval Europe -- Obstetrics: Managing Pregnancy And Childbirth: Childbirth In Ancient Mesopotamia And Egypt ; Childbirth And Ancient Greece And Rome ; Childbirth In India ; Childbirth In China ; Childbirth In Medieval Europe -- Health In Infancy, Childhood, And Old Age: Aging And The Life Cycle In Premodern Medical Theories ; Pediatric Medicine: Mesopotamia Cures For Children ; Egyptian Cures For Children ; Children And Medicine In Ancient Greece And Rome ; Pediatric Care In The Ayurvedic Tradition ; Pediatrics In Traditional Chinese Medicine ; Childcare And Pediatric Medicine In Medieval Europe -- Geriatric Care In The Premodern World -- Infectious Disease In The Premodern World: -- Studying Disease In History -- Epidemics And Theories Of Disease Causation -- Smallpox -- Bubonic Plague, Or The Black Death: The Origin And Spread Of The Bubonic Plague ; Medical Responses To The Black Death In Europe And The Islamic World ; Religious Responses To The Black Death ; Popular And Civic Responses To The Black Death -- Leprosy: Lebrosy In India ; Leprosy In China ; Leprosy In Medieval Europe -- Environmental And Occupational Hazards: -- Living And Working Conditions In Rural Communities -- Living And Working Conditions In Urban Centers: Waste And Sewage Removal ; Fresh Water And The Risk Of Lead Poisoning ; The Risk Of Fire ; Violence And Crime -- Surgery And Manual Operations: Surgery In Ancient Mesopotamia -- Surgery In Ancient Egypt -- Surgery In Ancient Greece And Rome: Hippocratic Surgeons ; Roman Surgeons -- Surgery In India: Surgical Training And Procedures ; Early Methods And Reconstructive Surgery ; Surgery And The Vaidya -- Chinese Surgery: The Low Status Of Surgery And Surgeons ; Moxibustion And Acupuncture -- Surgery In The Islamic: Abu Al-qasim Al-zahrawi -- Surgery In The Medieval West: Surgeons And Physicians ; The Rise Of Rational Surgery ; Vernacular Surgery Texts And Craft Practice -- The Brain And Mental Disorders: --the Mind And Illness In Mesopotamia And Egypt -- Mental Health And Humoral Medicine In Ancient Greece And Rome -- The Mind And Mental Health In Ayurvedic Medicine ; Mental Illness In Traditional Chinese Medicine -- Mental Illness In Islamic Medicine -- Mental Illness In Medieval Europe -- The Apothecary And His Pharmacopeia: -- The Pharmacopeia Of Ancient Mesopotamia -- The Egyptian Pharmacopeia -- Greek And Roman Pharmacology -- Pharmacy In Ayurvedic Medicine: Siddha Medicine And Alchemical Remedies -- The Traditional Chinese Pharmacopeia: Early Materia Medica ; Alchemy And Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Standardizing Materia Medica And Regulating The Drug Market -- Pharmacy In The Islamic World -- Medieval European Pharmacology -- War And Health: -- Weapons And Wounds -- Disease And Hunger In War -- Siege Warfare -- Institutions And Health: -- Governmental And Religious Institutions In Mesopotamia And Egypt: Irrigation Systems ; Embalming In Ancient Egypt And Knowledge Of The Body -- Institutional Support For Health And Medicine In Ancient Greece And Rome: The Museum And The Library Of Alexandria, Egypt ; Roman Engineering: Aqueducts And Sewage Systems -- Institutional Medicine In Ancient India -- Health And The State In China -- Hospitals In The Islamic World And Medieval Europe -- The Black Death And Public Health In Medieval Europe -- Healing And The Arts: -- Encounters With The Doctor In Art And Literature -- The Body In Medical Art. William H. York. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Cover 1 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 8 Series Foreword 14 1. Factors in Health and Wellness 16 Health and Disease in History 16 Health, Disease, and the Body 18 Disease Theory in the Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia and Egypt 18 Disease Theory in the Western Medical Tradition: Greece, Rome, the Islamic World, and Medieval Europe 20 Disease Theory in Indian Ayurvedic Medicine 24 Disease Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine 26 Health and Social Well-Being 31 2. Education and Training: Learned and Non-Learned 32 Medical Learning in the Ancient Near East 33 Mesopotamia 33 Egypt 35 Medical Learning in the Ancient Greek and Roman World 37 Hippocratic Medicine 37 Galen and the Hippocratic Tradition 39 Medical Learning in India: The Written Tradition of Ayurveda 41 The Origin of the Ayurvedic Medical Texts 41 Medical Education 43 Medical Learning in China 44 Foundations of Traditional Chinese Medicine 44 The Rise of Formal Medical Education 45 Medical Learning in the Islamic World 47 Translation and the Written Tradition of Islamic Medicine 47 Practitioners and Their Training 49 Medical Learning in Medieval Europe 51 Translation and the Rise of Universities 51 The Hierarchy of Medical Practitioners and the Non-Learned Tradition of Medieval Medicine 55 3. Religion and Medicine 58 Faith, Magic, and Healing in Mesopotamia and Egypt 58 Gods and the Causes of Disease 58 Religious Healing in Ancient Mesopotamia 60 Magical Cures in Egypt 62 Religious and Naturalistic Medicine in Ancient Greece 63 Medicine and Religion in India and China 65 Magic and Medicine in Early Indian and Chinese Civilizations 65 Confucianism and Taoism in Chinese Medical Thought 66 Buddhism in Indian Medicine 68 Faith Healing in the Islamic and Christian Traditions 69 Prophetic Medicine in the Islamic World 69 Magical and Miracle Cures in Medieval European Medicine 71 4. Women's Health 74 Gynecology: Women's Bodies and Women's Diseases 74 Mesopotamia and Egypt 74 Greek and Roman Gynecological Literature 76 Gynecology in Ayurvedic Medical Literature 77 Gynecology in Traditional Chinese Medicine 78 Female Practitioners and Women Patients in the Islamic World 80 The "Secrets of Women" and Male Physicians in Medieval Europe 82 Obstetrics: Managing Pregnancy and Childbirth 83 Childbirth in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt 83 Childbirth in Ancient Greece and Rome 86 Childbirth in India 89 Childbirth in China 90 Childbirth in Medieval Europe 93 5. Health in Infancy, Childhood, and Old Age 96 Aging and the Life Cycle in Premodern Medical Theories 96 Pediatric Medicine 98 Mesopotamian Cures for Children 98 Egyptian Cures for Children 100 Children and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome 102 Pediatric Care in the Ayurvedic Tradition 104 Pediatrics in Traditional Chinese Medicine 106 Childcare and Pediatric Medicine in Medieval Europe 109 Geriatric Care in the Premodern World 111 6. Infectious Disease in the Premodern World 116 Studying Disease in History 116 Epidemics and Theories of Disease Causation 117 Smallpox 120 Bubonic Plague, or the Black Death 124 The Origin and Spread of the Bubonic Plague 124 Medical Responses to the Black Death in Europe and the Islamic World 125 Religious Responses to the Black Death 127 Popular and Civic Responses to the Black Death 128 Leprosy 129 Leprosy in India 130 Leprosy in China 131 Leprosy in Medieval Europe 133 7. Environmental and Occupational Hazards 136 Living and Working Conditions in Rural Communities 137 Living and Working Conditions in Urban Centers 141 Waste and Sewage Removal 141 Fresh Water and the Risk of Lead Poisoning 143 The Risk of Fire 145 Violence and Crime 147 8. Surgery and Manual Operations 150 Surgery in Ancient Mesopotamia 152 Surgery in Ancient Egypt 154 Surgery in Ancient Greece and Rome 156 Hippocratic Surgeons 156 Roman Surgeons 159 Surgery in India 160 Surgical Training and Procedures 160 Early Methods of Reconstructive Surgery 162 Surgery and the Vaidya 163 Chinese Surgery 164 The Low Status of Surgery and Surgeons 164 Moxibustion and Acupuncture 165 Surgery in the Islamic World 167 Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 168 Surgery in the Medieval West 169 Surgeons and Physicians 169 The Rise of Rational Surgery 170 Vernacular Surgery Texts and Craft Practice 173 9. The Brain and Mental Disorders 174 The Mind and Illness in Mesopotamia and Egypt 175 Mental Health and Humoral Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome 176 The Mind and Mental Health in Ayurvedic Medicine 177 Mental Illness in Traditional Chinese Medicine 179 Mental Illness in Islamic Medicine 184 Mental Illness in Medieval Europe 186 10. The Apothecary and His Pharmacopeia 190 The Pharmacopeia of Ancient Mesopotamia 190 The Egyptian Pharmacopeia 192 Greek and Roman Pharmacology 193 Pharmacy in Ayurvedic Medicine 197 Siddha Medicine and Alchemical Remedies 198 The Traditional Chinese Pharmacopeia 199 Early Materia Medica 199 Alchemy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 200 Standardizing Materia Medica and Regulating the Drug Market 201 Pharmacy in the Islamic World 202 Medieval European Pharmacology 204 11. War and Health 208 Weapons and Wounds 210 Disease and Hunger in War 215 Siege Warfare 217 12. Institutions and Health 220 Governmental and Religious Institutions in Mesopotamia and Egypt 221 Irrigation Systems 221 Embalming in Ancient Egypt and Knowledge of the Body 223 Institutional Support for Health and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome 224 The Museum and the Library in Alexandria, Egypt 224 Roman Engineering: Aqueducts and Sewage Systems 225 Institutional Medicine in Ancient India 227 Health and the State in China 229 Hospitals in the Islamic World and Medieval Europe 231 The Black Death and Public Health in Medieval Europe 233 13. Healing and the Arts 236 Encounters with the Doctor in Art and Literature 236 The Body in Medical Art 239 Glossary 246 Suggestions for Further Reading 250 Bibliography 254 Index 260 a 260 b 261 c 261 d 262 e 262 f 262 g 262 h 263 i 263 j 263 k 263 l 263 m 263 n 264 o 264 p 264 q 265 r 265 s 265 t 265 u 266 v 266 w 266 y 266 z 266 Early medical practices are not just a historical curiosity, but real stories about people and health that may teach us much about the 21st century. This intriguing volume offers a comparative examination of early medicine and health care in regions as varied as ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, India, China, the Islamic world, and medieval Europe. Health and Wellness in Antiquity through the Middle Ages compares and contrasts health-care practices in seven different cultures from around the world. In considering the range of medical practitioners in each society, and the kinds of health care they provided, it examines the development of a written medical tradition, the methods of medical education, the practice of surgery, and the theories and practices of pharmacy. Other topics include the application of medicine in specific contexts, such as the treatment of women, children, and those with mental illness. Another important theme explored is the impact of religion and state institutions on the development, implementation, and results of medical care as experienced by real people in real life. Throughout, the book offers an international historical perspective, which allows for greater comparative and critical understanding of how different cultural beliefs influenced the development and management of health care. Excerpts from significant original texts to illustrate the concepts discussed Illustrations drawn from many different ancient and medieval cultures portraying health care providers and the treatment of patients Photographs depicting medical instruments and medicinal herbs A bibliography that puts special emphasis on identifying English-language translations of original documents for those who would like to read the primary materials themselves