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Understand the clinically relevant aspects of microbiology with this student-acclaimed, full-color review --- bolstered by case studies and hundreds of USMLE®-style review questions A Doody's Core Title for 2020! Since 1954, Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology has been hailed by students, instructors, and clinicians as the single-best resource for understanding the roles microorganisms play in human health and illness. Concise and fully up to date, this trusted classic links fundamental principles with the diagnosis and treatment of microbial infections. Along with brief descriptions of each organism, you will find vital perspectives on pathogenesis, diagnostic laboratory tests, clinical findings, treatment, and epidemiology. The book also includes an entire chapter of case studies that focuses on differential diagnosis and management of microbial infections. Here's why Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology is essential for USMLE® review: • 640+ USMLE-style review questions • 350+ illustrations • 140+ tables • 22 case studies to sharpen your differential diagnosis and management skills • An easy-to-access list of medically important microorganisms • Coverage that reflects the latest techniques in laboratory and diagnostic technologies • Full-color images and micrographs • Chapter-ending summaries • Chapter concept checks Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, Twenty-Eighth Edition effectively introduces you to basic clinical microbiology through the fields of bacteriology, mycology, and parasitology, giving you a thorough yet understandable review of the discipline. Begin your review with it and see why there is nothing as time tested or effective. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Index......Page 0 Preface......Page 4 Biologic Principles Illustrated by Microbiology......Page 6 Viruses......Page 7 Prions......Page 8 Prokaryotes......Page 9 Protists......Page 12 Review Questions......Page 14 Optical Methods......Page 16 Eukaryotic Cell Structure......Page 18 Prokaryotic Cell Structure......Page 21 Staining......Page 43 Morphologic Changes During Growth......Page 44 Review Questions......Page 45 Criteria for Identification of Bacteria......Page 48 Classification Systems......Page 51 Description of the Major Categories and Groups of Bacteria......Page 53 Nonculture Methods for the Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms......Page 57 Review Questions......Page 58 The Meaning of Growth......Page 60 Exponential Growth......Page 61 The Growth Curve in Batch Culture......Page 62 Growth in Biofilms......Page 63 Strategies to Control Bacteria at the Environmental Level......Page 64 General Mechanisms of Biocide Action......Page 66 Specific Actions of Selected Biocides......Page 68 Relationship of Biocide Concentration and Time on Antimicrobial Killing......Page 69 Key Concepts......Page 70 Review Questions......Page 71 Sources of Metabolic Energy......Page 74 Nutrition......Page 75 Environmental Factors Affecting Growth......Page 76 Cultivation Methods......Page 79 Review Questions......Page 83 Focal Metabolites and Their Interconversion......Page 86 Assimilatory Pathways......Page 89 Biosynthetic Pathways......Page 97 Patterns of Microbial Energy-Yielding Metabolism......Page 100 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways......Page 106 Review Questions......Page 108 Nucleic Acids and Their Organization in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, and Viral Genomes......Page 110 Replication......Page 115 Transfer of DNA......Page 116 Mutation and Gene Rearrangement......Page 119 Gene Expression......Page 120 Genetic Engineering......Page 124 Characterization of Cloned DNA......Page 125 Analysis of DNA, RNA, or Protein-Expressing Clones......Page 128 Manipulation of Cloned DNA......Page 129 Review Questions......Page 130 Innate Immunity......Page 132 Adaptive Immunity......Page 136 Complement......Page 146 Cytokines......Page 149 Hypersensitivity......Page 151 Tumor Immunology......Page 153 Clinical Immunology Laboratory (Diagnostic Testing)......Page 154 Chapter Summary......Page 155 Review Questions......Page 156 9. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection......Page 160 Identifying Bacteria That Cause Disease......Page 161 Transmission of Infection......Page 162 Genomics and Bacterial Pathogenicity......Page 163 Bacterial Virulence Factors......Page 164 Chapter Summary......Page 172 Review Questions......Page 173 Role of the Resident Microbiota......Page 176 Normal Microbiota of the Skin......Page 177 Normal Microbiota of the Mouth and Upper Respiratory Tract......Page 179 Normal Microbiota of the Placenta and Uterus......Page 183 Review Questions......Page 184 Bacillus anthracis......Page 188 Clostridium species......Page 191 Clostridium botulinum......Page 192 Clostridium tetani......Page 193 Clostridia That Produce Invasive Infections......Page 195 Clostridium difficile and Diarrheal Disease......Page 196 Review Questions......Page 197 12. Aerobic Non–Spore-Forming Gram- Positive Bacilli: Corynebacterium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Nocardia, and Related Pathogens......Page 200 Corynebacterium diphtheriae......Page 201 Listeria monocytogenes......Page 204 Rhodococcus equi......Page 206 Nocardiosis......Page 207 Review Questions......Page 208 13. The Staphylococci......Page 210 Review Questions......Page 217 Classification of Streptococci......Page 220 Streptococcus pyogenes......Page 222 Groups C and G......Page 227 Viridans Streptococci......Page 228 Streptococcus pneumoniae......Page 229 Enterococci......Page 233 Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive Cocci......Page 235 Review Questions......Page 237 Classification......Page 240 Diseases Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Other Than Salmonella and Shigella......Page 243 The Shigellae......Page 247 The Salmonellae......Page 250 Review Questions......Page 255 Pseudomonas aeruginosa......Page 258 Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei......Page 261 Burkholderia cepacia Complex......Page 262 Acinetobacter......Page 263 Review Questions......Page 264 Vibrio cholerae......Page 266 Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus......Page 270 Aeromonas species......Page 271 Campylobacter jejuni......Page 272 Helicobacter pylori......Page 273 Review Questions......Page 277 Haemophilus influenzae......Page 280 Haemophilus aegypticus......Page 282 Bordetella pertussis......Page 283 Bordetella bronchiseptica......Page 285 Francisella tularensis and Tularemia......Page 288 Review Questions......Page 290 Yersinia pestis and Plague......Page 294 Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis......Page 296 Review Questions......Page 298 Neisseria gonorrhoeae......Page 300 Neisseria meningitidis......Page 306 Other Neisseriae......Page 308 Review Questions......Page 309 Physiology and Growth Conditions for Anaerobes......Page 312 Anaerobic Bacteria Found in Human Infections......Page 313 Gardnerella vaginalis......Page 314 Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections......Page 315 Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections......Page 316 Review Questions......Page 317 Legionella pneumophila and Other Legionellae......Page 320 Bartonella......Page 323 Whipple Disease......Page 325 Review Questions......Page 326 Mycobacterium tuberculosis......Page 328 Other Mycobacterium......Page 337 Mycobacterium leprae......Page 339 Review Questions......Page 340 Treponema pallidum and Syphilis......Page 344 Borrelia species and Relapsing Fever......Page 348 Borrelia burgdorferi and Lyme Disease......Page 349 Leptospira and Leptospirosis......Page 351 Review Questions......Page 353 Mycoplasmas......Page 356 Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonias......Page 358 Chapter Summary......Page 359 Review Questions......Page 360 Rickettsia and Orientia......Page 362 Ehrlichia and Anaplasma......Page 366 Coxiella burnetii......Page 367 Review Questions......Page 369 27. Chlamydia spp......Page 372 Trachoma......Page 375 Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections and Inclusion Conjunctivitis......Page 376 Lymphogranuloma Venereum......Page 377 Chlamydia pneumoniae and Respiratory Infections......Page 378 Chlamydia psittaci and Psittacosis......Page 379 Review Questions......Page 381 Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis......Page 384 Inhibition/Alteration of Cell Membrane Function......Page 386 Inhibition of Protein Synthesis......Page 387 Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis......Page 388 Origin of Drug Resistance......Page 389 Clinical Implications of Drug Resistance......Page 390 Measurement of Antimicrobial Activity......Page 392 Drug–Pathogen Relationships......Page 393 Host–Pathogen Relationships......Page 394 Antimicrobial Drugs Used in Combination......Page 395 Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis......Page 396 Penicillins......Page 398 Cephalosporins......Page 404 Tetracyclines......Page 406 Chloramphenicol......Page 407 Macrolides......Page 408 Glycopeptides, Lipopeptides, Lipoglycopeptides......Page 409 Polymyxins......Page 410 Aminoglycosides......Page 411 Quinolones......Page 412 Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim......Page 413 Drugs Used Primarily to Treat Mycobacterial Infections......Page 414 Review Questions......Page 416 Terms and Definitions in Virology......Page 418 Classification of Viruses......Page 419 Principles of Virus Structure......Page 425 Chemical Composition of Viruses......Page 426 Cultivation and Detection of Viruses......Page 428 Purification and Identification of Viruses......Page 429 Reaction to Physical and Chemical Agents......Page 430 Replication of Viruses: An Overview......Page 431 Genetics of Animal Viruses......Page 435 Natural History (Ecology) and Modes of Transmission of Viruses......Page 437 Review Questions......Page 439 Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases......Page 442 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections......Page 454 Review Questions......Page 459 Parvovirus Infections in Humans......Page 462 Review Questions......Page 466 Properties of Adenoviruses......Page 468 Adenovirus Infections in Humans......Page 472 Review Questions......Page 475 Properties of Herpesviruses......Page 478 Herpes Simplex Viruses......Page 481 Varicella-Zoster Virus......Page 487 Epstein-Barr Virus......Page 491 Cytomegalovirus......Page 494 Human Herpesvirus 6......Page 498 Herpes B Virus......Page 499 Review Questions......Page 500 Properties of Poxviruses......Page 504 Poxvirus Infections in Humans: Vaccinia and Variola......Page 507 Molluscum Contagiosum......Page 511 Tanapox and Y aba Monkey Tumor Poxvirus Infections......Page 513 Review Questions......Page 514 Properties of Hepatitis Viruses......Page 516 Hepatitis Virus Infections in Humans......Page 521 Chapter Summary......Page 532 Review Questions......Page 533 Properties of Picornaviruses......Page 536 Polioviruses......Page 537 Coxsackieviruses......Page 542 Other Enteroviruses......Page 545 Rhinoviruses......Page 546 Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus of Cattle)......Page 548 Review Questions......Page 549 Reoviruses and Rotaviruses......Page 552 Rotaviruses......Page 553 Reoviruses......Page 556 Caliciviruses......Page 557 Astroviruses......Page 559 Review Questions......Page 560 Human Arbovirus Infections......Page 562 Togavirus and Flavivirus Encephalitis......Page 564 Yellow Fever Virus......Page 572 Dengue Virus......Page 574 Bunyavirus Encephalitis Viruses......Page 575 Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus......Page 576 Bunyavirus Diseases......Page 577 Arenavirus Diseases......Page 579 Filovirus Diseases......Page 581 Review Questions......Page 583 Properties of Orthomyxoviruses......Page 586 Influenza Virus Infections in Humans......Page 591 Review Questions......Page 597 Properties of Paramyxoviruses......Page 600 Parainfluenza Virus Infections......Page 604 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections......Page 607 Human Metapneumovirus Infections......Page 609 Mumps Virus Infections......Page 610 Measles (Rubeola) Virus Infections......Page 612 Hendra Virus and Nipah Virus Infections......Page 615 Postnatal Rubella......Page 616 Chapter Summary......Page 618 Review Questions......Page 619 Properties of Coronaviruses......Page 622 Coronavirus Infections in Humans......Page 623 Review Questions......Page 626 Rabies......Page 628 Slow Virus Infections and Prion Diseases......Page 634 Review Questions......Page 637 General Features of Viral Carcinogenesis......Page 640 Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis......Page 641 Interactions of Tumor Viruses with Their Hosts......Page 642 Retroviruses......Page 643 DNA Tumor Viruses......Page 649 Polyomaviruses......Page 650 Papillomaviruses......Page 652 Herpesviruses......Page 655 Chapter Summary......Page 656 Review Questions......Page 657 Properties of Lentiviruses......Page 660 HIV Infections in Humans......Page 664 Chapter Summary......Page 674 Review Questions......Page 675 45. Medical Mycology......Page 678 General Properties, Virulence, and Classification of Pathogenic Fungi......Page 679 Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycoses......Page 683 Cutaneous Mycoses......Page 686 Subcutaneous Mycoses......Page 690 Sporotrichosis......Page 691 Chromoblastomycosis......Page 692 Mycetoma......Page 694 Endemic Mycoses......Page 695 Coccidioidomycosis......Page 696 Histoplasmosis......Page 700 Blastomycosis......Page 703 Paracoccidioidomycosis......Page 704 Candidiasis......Page 705 Cryptococcosis......Page 709 Aspergillosis......Page 711 Mucormycosis......Page 713 Other Opportunistic Mycoses......Page 714 Key Concepts: Opportunistic Mycoses......Page 715 Mycotoxins......Page 716 Antifungal Chemotherapies......Page 717 46. Medical Parasitology......Page 726 Classification of Parasites......Page 727 Intestinal Protozoan Infections......Page 731 Entamoeba histolytica (Intestinal and Tissue Ameba)......Page 732 Cryptosporidium (Intestinal Sporozoa)......Page 734 Blood Flagellates......Page 735 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Blood Flagellates)......Page 736 Trypanosoma cruzi (Blood Flagellate)......Page 737 Leishmania Species (Blood Flagellates)......Page 738 Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and Balamuthia mandrillaris (Free-Living Amebae)......Page 739 Plasmodium Species (Blood Sporozoa)......Page 740 Babesia microti (Blood Sporozoa)......Page 743 Microsporidia......Page 744 Intestinal Helminthic Infections......Page 745 Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm—Intestinal Nematode)......Page 746 Ascaris lumbricoides (Human Roundworm— Intestinal Nematode)......Page 750 Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (Human Hookworms—Intestinal Nematode)......Page 751 Trichinella spiralis (Intestinal and Tissue Nematode)......Page 752 Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode) and Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm— Intestinal and Tissue Cestode)......Page 753 Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori (Lymphatic Filariasis—Tissue Nematodes)......Page 754 Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm—Tissue Nematode)......Page 755 Larva migrans (Zoonotic Larval Nematode Infections)......Page 756 Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma haematobium (Blood Flukes)......Page 757 Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid Cyst)......Page 758 Review Questions......Page 759 Communication Between Physician and Laboratory......Page 762 Diagnosis of Bacterial and Fungal Infections......Page 763 Key Concepts: Antifungal Chemotherapy......Page 721 Review Questions......Page 722 Laboratory Aids in the Selection of Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 774 Diagnosis of Infection by Anatomic Site......Page 775 Anaerobic Infections......Page 781 Diagnosis of Chlamydial Infections......Page 782 Diagnosis of Viral Infections......Page 783 Review Questions......Page 788 Central Nervous System......Page 792 Respiratory......Page 796 Heart......Page 801 Abdomen......Page 802 Urinary Tract......Page 804 Bone and Soft Tissue......Page 809 Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 811 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections......Page 814 Myocobacterium Avium Complex......Page 817 Infections in Transplant Patients......Page 821 Emerging Infections......Page 824