HCNA Networking Study Guide

This book is a study guide for Huawei (HCNA) certification. It has been written to help readers understand the principles of network technologies. It covers topics including network fundamentals, Ethernet, various protocols such as those used in routing, and Huawei s own VRP operating system all essential aspects of HCNA certification. Presenting routing and switching basics in depth, it is a valuable resource for information and communications technology (ICT) practitioners, university students and network technology fans." Foreword 5 Preface 6 Declaration 6 Organization of This Book 6 Target Audience 8 Important Notes 9 Icons in This Book 10 Huawei Certification Overview 11 Authors of This Book 13 Contents 14 Abbreviations 20 1 Network Communication Fundamentals 24 1.1 Communication and Networks 24 1.1.1 What Is Communication? 24 1.1.2 Courier Deliveries and Network Communications 26 1.1.3 Common Terminology 26 1.1.4 Review Questions 26 1.2 OSI Model and TCP/IP Model 29 1.2.1 Network Protocols and Standards Organizations 30 1.2.2 OSI Reference Model 30 1.2.3 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 34 1.2.4 Review Questions 36 1.3 Network Types 37 1.3.1 LAN and WAN 38 1.3.2 Forms of Network Topology 40 1.3.3 Review Questions 41 1.4 Transmission Media and Methods of Communication 42 1.4.1 Transmission Media 43 1.4.2 Methods of Communication 48 1.4.3 Review Questions 50 2 VRP Basics 51 2.1 Introduction to VRP 51 2.2 VRP Command Lines 51 2.2.1 Basic Concepts 52 2.2.2 Using Command Lines 55 2.3 Logging into a Device 59 2.3.1 Log into a Device Through a Console Port 59 2.3.2 Log into a Device Through a MiniUSB Port 62 2.4 Basic Configurations 70 2.4.1 Setting the Host Name 71 2.4.2 Setting the System Time 71 2.4.3 Configuring an IP Address for the Device 71 2.4.4 User Interface Configurations 72 2.5 Configuration File Management 75 2.5.1 Basic Concepts 76 2.5.2 Saving the Current Configurations 76 2.5.3 Setting the Next Startup Configuration File 77 2.6 Remote Login Through Telnet 78 2.6.1 Introduction to Telnet 79 2.6.2 Logging into a Device Through Telnet 79 2.7 File Management 79 2.7.1 Basic Concepts 80 2.7.2 Backing up a Configuration File 80 2.7.3 Transferring Files 82 2.7.4 Deleting a File 84 2.7.5 Setting a System Startup File 85 2.8 Basic Configuration Commands 86 2.9 Review Questions 88 3 Ethernet 89 3.1 Ethernet Cards 89 3.1.1 Computer Network Cards 89 3.1.2 Switch Network Cards 91 3.1.3 Review Questions 93 3.2 Ethernet Frames 94 3.2.1 MAC Addresses 94 3.2.2 Ethernet Frame Formats 96 3.2.3 Review Questions 97 3.3 Ethernet Switches 98 3.3.1 Three Types of Forwarding Operations 98 3.3.2 Switch Operating Principle 99 3.3.3 Examples of Data Forwarding on a Single Switch 100 3.3.4 Examples of Data Forwarding Between Multiple Switches 107 3.3.5 MAC Address Table 113 3.3.6 Review Questions 114 3.4 ARP 115 3.4.1 Basic Principles of ARP 116 3.4.2 ARP Packet Format 117 3.4.3 Review Questions 118 4 STP 120 4.1 Loops 120 4.2 STP Tree Generation 123 4.2.1 Root Bridge Election 124 4.2.2 Root Port Election 125 4.2.3 Designated Port Election 126 4.2.4 Alternate Port Blocking 128 4.3 STP Packet Format 128 4.3.1 Configuration BPDUs 129 4.3.2 TCN BPDUs 130 4.4 STP Port States 131 4.5 STP Improvements 134 4.6 Examples of STP Configurations 135 4.7 Review Questions 137 5 VLAN 139 5.1 VLAN Purposes 139 5.2 VLAN Scenario 141 5.3 802.1Q Frame Structure 147 5.4 VLAN Types 147 5.5 Link Types and Port Types 149 5.6 VLAN Forwarding Examples 151 5.7 VLAN Configuration Example 154 5.8 GVRP 157 5.8.1 Dynamic VLAN Registration Process 157 5.8.2 Dynamic VLAN Deregistration Process 159 5.9 GVRP Configuration Example 161 5.10 Review Questions 164 6 IP Basics 166 6.1 Classful Addressing 167 6.2 Classless Addressing 170 6.3 Subnet Masks 173 6.4 Special IP Addresses 174 6.5 IP Forwarding 176 6.6 IP Packet Format 182 6.7 Review Questions 184 7 TCP and UDP 186 7.1 Connectionless and Connection-Oriented Communication 186 7.2 TCP 188 7.2.1 TCP Session Setup 189 7.2.2 TCP Session Termination 190 7.2.3 TCP Segment Structure 191 7.2.4 TCP Acknowledgement and Retransmission 193 7.2.5 Application Port 195 7.3 UDP 195 7.4 Review Questions 196 8 Routing Protocol Basics 198 8.1 Routing 198 8.1.1 Routes and Routing Tables 198 8.1.2 Routing Information Source 199 8.1.3 Route Preference 202 8.1.4 Route Cost 203 8.1.5 Default Route 205 8.1.6 Comparison Between Routing Tables on a Computer and Router 205 8.1.7 Static Route Configuration Example 205 8.1.8 Default Route Configuration Example 207 8.1.9 Review Questions 209 8.2 RIP 210 8.2.1 Routing Protocols 210 8.2.2 Basic Principles of RIP 211 8.2.3 RIP Routing Table 212 8.2.4 RIP Message Format 213 8.2.5 RIP-1 and RIP-2 216 8.2.6 RIP Timers 221 8.2.7 Routing Loops 222 8.2.8 RIP Configuration Example 225 8.2.9 Review Questions 228 8.3 OSPF 229 8.3.1 Basic Principles of OSPF 229 8.3.2 Comparison Between OSPF and RIP 230 8.3.3 OSPF Areas 231 8.3.4 OSPF Network Types 232 8.3.5 Link State and LSA 232 8.3.6 OSPF Packet Types 234 8.3.7 Single-Area OSPF Network 235 8.3.8 Multi-area OSPF Network 238 8.3.9 Neighbor Relationship and Adjacency 238 8.3.10 DR and BDR 239 8.3.11 OSPF Configuration Example 241 8.3.12 Review Questions 245 9 Inter-VLAN Layer 3 Communication 247 9.1 Inter-VLAN Layer 3 Communication via a Multi-armed Router 247 9.2 Inter-VLAN Layer 3 Communication via a One-Armed Router 250 9.3 Inter-VLAN Layer 3 Communication via a Layer 3 Switch 253 9.4 VLANIF Configuration Example 258 9.5 Review Questions 261 10 Link Technologies 263 10.1 Link Aggregation 263 10.1.1 Background 263 10.1.2 Basic Concepts 264 10.1.3 Application Scenarios 265 10.1.4 Working Principles 266 10.1.5 LACP 275 10.1.6 Configuration Example 275 10.2 Smart Link 278 10.2.1 Working Principles 278 10.2.2 Configuration Example 283 10.3 Monitor Link 286 10.3.1 Working Principles 286 10.3.2 Configuration Example 288 10.4 Review Questions 291 11 DHCP and NAT 293 11.1 DHCP 293 11.1.1 Basic Concepts and Functions 293 11.1.2 Basic Operations 295 11.1.3 DHCP Relay Agent 298 11.1.4 DHCP Server Configuration Example 300 11.1.5 DHCP Relay Agent Configuration Example 303 11.2 NAT 305 11.2.1 Basic Concepts 305 11.2.2 Static NAT 307 11.2.3 Dynamic NAT 309 11.2.4 NAPT 310 11.2.5 Easy IP 312 11.2.6 Static NAT Configuration Example 313 11.3 Review Questions 314 12 PPP and PPPoE 316 12.1 PPP 316 12.1.1 Basic Concepts 316 12.1.2 PPP Frame Format 317 12.1.3 Phases in PPP 319 12.1.4 Link Establishment Phase 320 12.1.5 Authentication Phase 324 12.1.6 Network Layer Protocol Phase 325 12.1.7 Basic PPP Configuration Examples 328 12.2 PPPoE 332 12.2.1 Basic Concepts 332 12.2.2 PPPoE Packet Format 334 12.2.3 Phases in PPPoE 334 12.3 Review Questions 338 13 Network Management and Security 340 13.1 Network Management 340 13.1.1 Basic Concepts in Network Management 340 13.1.2 Network Management System 341 13.1.3 SMI 342 13.1.4 MIB 343 13.1.5 SNMP 345 13.2 Network Security 347 13.2.1 Access Control List Fundamentals 347 13.2.2 Basic ACL 348 13.2.3 Advanced ACL 349 13.2.4 Basic ACL Configuration Example 351 13.3 Review Questions 353 14 Appendix-Answers to Review Questions 355 Front Matter....Pages i-xxvi Network Communication Fundamentals....Pages 1-27 VRP Basics....Pages 29-66 Ethernet....Pages 67-97 STP....Pages 99-117 VLAN....Pages 119-145 IP Basics....Pages 147-166 TCP and UDP....Pages 167-178 Routing Protocol Basics....Pages 179-227 Inter-VLAN Layer 3 Communication....Pages 229-244 Link Technologies....Pages 245-274 DHCP and NAT....Pages 275-297 PPP and PPPoE....Pages 299-322 Network Management and Security....Pages 323-337 Appendix-Answers to Review Questions....Pages 339-342