HCI International 2023 – Late Breaking Papers: 25th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark, July ... IV (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 14057)

This seven-volume set LNCS 14054-14060 constitutes the proceedings of the 25th International Conference, HCI International 2023, in Copenhagen, Denmark, in July 2023. For the HCCII 2023 proceedings, a total of 1578 papers and 396 posters was carefully reviewed and selected from 7472 submissions. Additionally, 267 papers and 133 posters are included in the volumes of the proceedings published after the conference, as “Late Breaking Work”. These papers were organized in the following topical sections: HCI Design and User Experience; Cognitive Engineering and Augmented Cognition; Cultural Issues in Design; Technologies for the Aging Population; Accessibility and Design for All; Designing for Health and Wellbeing; Information Design, Visualization, Decision-making and Collaboration; Social Media, Creative Industries and Cultural Digital Experiences; Digital Human Modeling, Ergonomics and Safety; HCI in Automated Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation; Sustainable GreenSmart Cities and Smart Industry; eXtended Reality Interactions; Gaming and Gamification Experiences; Interacting with Artificial Intelligence; Security, Privacy, Trust and Ethics; Learning Technologies and Learning Experiences; eCommerce, Digital Marketing and eFinance. Foreword HCI International 2023 Thematic Areas and Affiliated Conferences Conference Proceedings – Full List of Volumes 25th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII 2023) HCI International 2024 Conference Contents – Part IV Digital Human Modeling, Ergonomics and Safety Bibliometric Literature Analysis and Systematic Review of Occupational Ergonomics 1 Introduction and Background 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Problem Statement and Scope of Analysis 1.3 Statement of Relevance and Applicability 2 Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review 2.1 Data Collection Methodologies and Summary of Search Terms 2.2 Vicinitas Engagement Analysis 2.3 Google Ngram Analysis 2.4 VOS Viewer Cluster Analysis 2.5 CiteSpace Cluster and Citation Burst Analysis 2.6 MAXQDA Word Cloud and Trend Analysis 2.7 Harzing and BibExcel Analysis 3 Discussion and Analysis 4 Results and Conclusion 5 Future Work References Ergonomics in Transportation Vehicles: A Comprehensive RAMSIS Study on Design Optimization for Enhanced Comfort and Safety 1 Introduction and Background 1.1 Transportation and Ergonomics 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Literature Review 2.2 Data Collection 2.3 Trend Analysis 2.4 Relevant Statistics 3 Results 3.1 Co-citation Analysis 4 Problem Statement 4.1 Analysis Through RAMSIS Software 5 Design Changes and Recommendations 6 Discussion 7 Future Work References Integrating Industry 4.0 Technologies for Enhanced Safety Engineering: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis 1 Introduction and Background 2 Purpose of Study 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Trend Analysis 3.3 Engagement Measure 4 Results 4.1 Co-citation Analysis 4.2 Content Analysis 4.3 Cluster Analysis 4.4 Citation Burst 4.5 Pivot Table 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion 7 Future Work References Human Modeling in Design for Reducing Human Error in Product Lifecycle 1 Introduction and Background 1.1 Human Error and Reliability Overview 1.2 Relevant Definitions 2 Systematic Literature Review 2.1 Purpose and Methods 2.2 Procedure 2.3 Trend Analysis 2.4 Co-citation Analysis 2.5 Results and Discussion 3 Advanced RAMSIS Software Implementation 3.1 RAMSIS Software Overview 3.2 Initial Setup 3.3 Boundary Manikins Creation 3.4 Reposition and Locate Manikin in Vehicle 3.5 Location and Comfort Analysis – Overall Driving Position 3.6 Location and Comfort Analysis – Touch Screen for Passenger 3.7 Maximum Percentile in Sitting Position – Body Builder 3.8 Visibility of Instrument Cluster – Driver 3.9 Reflections on Windshield and Glare – Driver’s Cover Glass 3.10 Summary References Systematic Literature Review on the Advances of Wearable Technologies 1 Introduction and Background 2 Methodology 2.1 Databases 2.2 Analysis Tools 3 Results 3.1 Initial Search Results 3.2 Relevant Definitions 3.3 Trends 3.4 Cluster Analysis (VOS Viewer/CiteSpace) 3.5 Co-citation Analysis 3.6 CiteSpace Clusters 3.7 CiteSpace Citation Bursts 3.8 Authors, Countries and Journals 3.9 Engagement Results (Vicinitas) 4 Discussion 4.1 Academic Justification 5 Future Work References Optimization of Driver Cabin Human Factors Design for Sweeper Truck Based on Ramsis: Enhancing Driver Comfort and Safety 1 Introduction 2 Introduction to Human-Machine Layout Methods 2.1 Selection of Human Body Percentiles 2.2 Determination of Seat and Steering Wheel Position 2.3 Definition of Driver Posture Seating Parameters 3 RAMSIS Software Optimization Analysis 3.1 Creation of 3D Models 3.2 Space and Reachability Analysis 4 Subjective Evaluation of the Driver's Cabin 4.1 Selection of Evaluators 4.2 Evaluation Process 4.3 Evaluation Results 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Designing Hazard Mitigations for Workers with Limited Mobility: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis 1 Introduction and Background 2 Problem Statement 3 Method 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Defining Keywords 4.2 Selection of Search Terms Using Trend Analysis 4.3 Keyword Search and Article Selection 4.4 Advanced Keyword Search on the Impact of Ergonomic Design 4.5 Trend Analysis Based on Publications and Social Media Search 4.6 Keyword Analysis of WOS Search Results and Selected Key Articles 4.7 Content Analysis of Themes Using Lexical Search 4.8 Discussion 5 Conclusion and Future Work 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Future Applications References Ergonomics in Transportation: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis 1 Introduction and Background 2 Purpose of Study 3 Procedure 3.1 Literature Review 3.2 Engagement Measures 3.3 Trend Analysis 3.4 Citation Analysis 3.5 Content Analysis 4 Discussions 4.1 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) 4.2 Active Transportation 4.3 Sustainable Transportation 4.4 Universal Design 5 Conclusion 6 Future Work References Proposal of a Multi-parametric Ergonomic Assessment Protocol Integrating Intra-operative Use of Wearable Technology to Evaluate Musculoskeletal Discomfort for Surgeon During Laryngeal Surgery 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Participants 2.2 Experimental Setup 2.3 Data Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review for Ergonomics in Transportation 1 Introduction 1.1 Key Definitions 1.2 Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review Overview 1.3 Ergonomics in Transportation in Safety Engineering 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 Social Media Engagement 2.3 Trend Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Co-citation Analysis 3.2 Content Analysis 3.3 CiteSpace Bursts 3.4 Word Cloud 3.5 Leading Authors 3.6 Leading Institutions 4 Discussion 5 Ramsis Ergonomics 6 Future Work 7 Conclusion References Coupling the Vehicle Design Phase with an Ergonomic Simulation to Accommodate Different Driver Shapes in the United States in 2023 1 Introduction and Background 2 Literature Review 2.1 Word-Cloud 2.2 VOSviewer cloud 2.3 Frequency of Publication 2.4 Results of Bibliographic Analysis 3 Methodology 3.1 Human Comfort 3.2 View Angle 4 Procedure/Analysis 4.1 Creation of Boundary Manikins 4.2 Manikin Placement in the Vehicle 4.3 Discomfort Analysis 4.4 Reach Analysis 4.5 Internal Vision 4.6 View Obstruction Analysis 4.7 Vehicle Backseat Passenger Height Limitation 4.8 Reflection Analysis 5 Results 6 Discussion and Outlook References A Systematic Review of Enhancing Aerospace Safety with Augmented Reality 1 Introduction and Background 1.1 Purpose of Study 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 Trend Analysis 3 Procedure and Results 3.1 Co-citation Analysis 3.2 Content Analysis Results from MAXQDA 4 Discussion 4.1 Flight Simulators for Training 4.2 Flight Simulators and Safety 4.3 Importance of Augmented Reality 4.4 Flight Simulation in Engineering 5 Conclusion 6 Future Work References HCI in Automated Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation Guardian Angel – Using Lighting Drones to Improve Traffic Safety, Sense of Security, and Comfort for Cyclists 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Related Research 2 Research Approach 2.1 Progress Outline 2.2 Test Setup 3 Results and Analysis 3.1 User Experience 3.2 Trust 3.3 Safety 3.4 Societal Impact 3.5 Summary 4 Conclusions and Future Work References Development of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Vehicles for Ease of Operation 1 Why UAM? 1.1 Current and Proposed UAM Areas of Operations 1.2 UAM Vehicle Design and Assumptions About Autonomy 2 Automation and Aviation Safety 2.1 Automation Philosophies 2.2 Function Allocation 3 Pilot Shortage 3.1 Time and Expense to Training Commercial Pilot 3.2 Rotorcraft Pilot 3.3 Type Ratings 4 UAM Vehicle Design and Assumptions About Autonomy 4.1 Aerial Vehicle Model 4.2 Initial Flight Control Inceptor Implementation 5 Vehicle Stability Augmentations 5.1 Stability Augmentation 5.2 No Augmentation 5.3 Initial Stability Augmentation System 5.4 Control Augmentation System 5.5 Fly-By-Wire Augmentation 6 Conclusions: UAM Vehicle and Mission References Intersection Roadway Marking Design: Effects Over Cyclist’s Safety Perception 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Traffic Densities 3.2 Bicycle Lanes 3.3 Intersection Line Design 4 Conclusion References Systematic Review on Safety of Artificial Intelligence and Transportation 1 Introduction and Background 2 Purpose 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Engagement 3.3 Trend Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Co-citation/Authorship Analysis 4.2 Content Analysis 4.3 Pivot Leading Table Analysis 4.4 Cluster Analysis 4.5 Content Analysis Via MaxQDA 5 Discussion 5.1 Project Uniqueness 5.2 Course Justification 5.3 Additional Subtopics from Article Insights 6 Conclusion 7 Future Work References Acceptability and Inclusivity of CCAM: What Strategies and Methods Should be Used to Engage Stakeholders? 1 Introduction 2 How to Collect User Needs and Opinion 3 Inclusive Methodologies for Participatory Inclusion 4 The Future of Mobility in the SINFONICA Project: Stakeholder Engagement Proposal 5 Conclusions References Review and Reappraisal of Safety Pertaining to Battery Electric Vehicles 1 Introduction and Academic Justification 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Academic Justification and Purpose 2 Review 2.1 Vicinitas 2.2 Trend Diagrams 2.3 VOSviewer 2.4 CiteSpace 2.5 BibExcel 2.6 MAXQDA 3 Discussion and Reappraisal 3.1 Key Definitions 3.2 Discussion of Review Results References Evaluating the Potential of Interactivity in Explanations for User-Adaptive In-Vehicle Systems – Insights from a Real-World Driving Study 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Human-AI Interaction 2.2 Explainable AI 3 Explanation Concepts 3.1 Explanation Categories 3.2 Use Cases 3.3 HMI Prototype 4 Methodology 4.1 Study Design 4.2 Dependent Variables 4.3 Procedure 4.4 Sample 4.5 Data Analysis 5 Results 5.1 Understandability – Subjective 5.2 Understandability – Objective 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Covid-19 in Transportation: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review with a Reappraisal 1 Introduction and Background 2 Purpose of Study 2.1 Relation to Safety Engineering 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Engagement Measure 3.3 Trend Analysis 3.4 Relevant Book Chapters on the Topic 4 Results 4.1 Co-citation Analysis 4.2 Content Analysis 4.3 Pivot Table 4.4 Cluster Analysis 4.5 Content Analysis Using MAXQDA 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion 7 Future Work References Evaluation of the Effect of Emotion on Lane-Keeping Performance Using Physiological Indexes 1 Introduction 2 Experiment 2.1 Experimental Design 2.2 Emotion Stimuli 2.3 Apparatus and Scenarios 2.4 Evaluation Indexes 2.5 Experiment Procedure 2.6 Analysis Procedure 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References The Evolution of Public Perceptions of Automated Vehicles in China: A Text Mining Approach Based Dynamic Topic Modeling 1 Introduction 2 Methodology and Data 2.1 Data Collection and Filtering 2.2 Analytical Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Topic Modeling 3.2 Evolution Characteristics of Public Sentiment 3.3 Semantic Network Analysis 4 Conclusions References Colorful Commuting Journey: Non-driving Related Tasks that Drivers Willing to Perform Across Vehicles of Various Automation Levels and the Reasons 1 Introduction 1.1 Non-driving Related Tasks 1.2 NDRTs During the Commute 1.3 Research Questions 2 Methods 2.1 Participants 2.2 Procedures 2.3 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 NDRTs in Autonomous Driving 3.2 Reasons for Doing NDRTs 4 Discussion References The Design of Smart Product-Service Systems (PSSs) with Autonomous Vehicles as the Service Medium Based on User Activity and Behavior Data 1 Research Background 1.1 Autonomous Vehicles——Smart Mobile Service Space 1.2 Autonomous Vehicles——Smart Mobile Service Medium 1.3 Autonomous Vehicles——Smart Mobile Data Mining 2 Transformation Mechanism of User Activity and Behavior in Smart Service Design 2.1 Transformation Pattern of User Activity and Behavior Data 2.2 Access to User Activity and Behavior Data 2.3 Information Identification of User Activity and Behavior Data 2.4 Knowledge Discovery of User Activity and Behavior Data 3 Research on Smart Product-Service System Design Based on User Activity and Behavior 3.1 Smart Product-Service System Design Processes Based on User Activity and Behavior 3.2 Smart Product-Service System Design Tools Based on User Activity and Behavior 4 Conclusion References I Also Care in Manual Driving - Influence of Type, Position and Quantity of Oncoming Vehicles on Manual Driving Behaviour on Straights on Rural Roads 1 State of Knowledge 2 Method and Variables 3 Results 4 Conclusion and Outlook References Maneuver and Parameter Interventions in Automated Driving to Enhance User Satisfaction: A Kano Method Application 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Maneuvers and Parameters 2.2 Kano Model 3 Methods 3.1 Experimental Design 3.2 Data Recording and Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Sample 4.2 Kano Method 4.3 Interview 5 Discussion 6 Limitations 7 Conclusion and Future Work References Standardization of User Experience Evaluation: Theory, Method and Promotion of High-Quality Development of Chinese Intelligent Vehicle Industry 1 Introduction 2 Evaluation of HMI from the Perspective of UX 2.1 Human-Machine Interface of Intelligent Vehicle 2.2 User Experience 2.3 The Influence Factors of UX 2.4 UX Evaluation Metrics 2.5 UX Evaluation Methods 3 Framework for UX Evaluation in HMI of Intelligent Vehicle 3.1 Component of Evaluation Objects 3.2 Component of Evaluation Performer 3.3 Component of UX Metrics 3.4 Component of Evaluation Methods 3.5 Component of UX Influence Factors 4 Conclusions and Limitations References Crowdsourcing Data to Improve Transportation Safety and Efficiency: A Systematic Review 1 Introduction 2 Purpose of Study 3 Procedure 3.1 Assessing Emergence 3.2 Data Collection 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Identification of Emergence 4.2 Trend Analysis 4.3 Co-author Analysis 4.4 Co-citation Analysis 4.5 Cluster Analysis 4.6 Content Analysis from MAXQDA 5 Discussion 5.1 Subtopics of Interest 6 Conclusion and Future Work 6.1 Conclusion 6.2 Future Work References The Design of a Community New Energy Vehicle Shared Charging Service System Based on the KJ-AHP Method 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Overview and Integration of Innovation 2.1 Overview of Research Methods 2.2 Integration of Innovation 3 Research on the Design of a Community New Energy Vehicle Shared Charging Service System Based on the KJ-APH Method 3.1 User Requirements Acquisition and Analysis 3.2 Quantification and Importance Analysis of User Needs 4 Design Practice of Community New Energy Vehicle Shared Charging Service System 4.1 Service System Construction 4.2 Low-Fidelity Prototyping 4.3 High-Fidelity Prototyping 4.4 Design Verification and Optimization 5 Summary and Outlook 5.1 Summary 5.2 Outlook References Artificial Intelligence and Transportations on Road Safety: A Bibliometric Review 1 Introduction and Background 2 Procedures 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 Content Analysis 2.3 Co-citation Analysis 2.4 Keyword Analysis 2.5 Trend Analysis 2.6 Statistical Analysis 3 Discussion 4 Conclusion References Sustainable Green Smart Cities and Smart Industry Smart Cities as Future Internet-Based Developments that Adapt to Climate Change and Which Green the Intellectual Capital of Urban and Regional Innovation Systems 1 Introduction 2 Claims Made About Smart Cities 3 The Foundations of Smart Cities 4 Advocates of Future Internet-Based Developments 5 Climate Change Adaptation 6 The Metrics of Future Internet-Based Developments 7 Greening the Intellectual Capital of Urban and Regional Innovation Systems 8 Conclusion References Architectural and Emotional Reactions: Proposal of a Framework 1 Introduction 2 Architecture and Neuroscience 2.1 Measures of Emotional Reactions Inside Architectural Spaces 2.2 Multisensory Virtual Experience 3 Architectural Space Features and Emotions 3.1 Multisensory Virtual Experience 3.2 Emotional Reactions and Feelings 4 Framework Proposal: Affective Relationship with Space 4.1 Methods 4.2 Framework, Proposal of Research 5 Final Considerations References High Performance Control and Extended Kalman Filter Based Estimation of Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive for Robotic Applications 1 Introduction 2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 2.1 Modeling of PMSM 3 Control of PMSM 3.1 Current Control Loop 3.2 Proposed Speed Controller 3.3 Proposed Position Controller 4 Adaptive EKF Based Sensorless PMSM Drive 5 Simulation Results 6 Conclusion References Towards Designing Smart Public Spaces: A Framework for Designers to Leverage AI and IoT Technologies 1 Introduction 2 Development the Framework of Potential AI and IoT Technologies 2.1 Development the Framework of Potential AI and IoT Technologies 2.2 Cluster the Technologies 3 Three Categories of Potential Technologies 3.1 Sensing 3.2 Decision 3.3 Reaction 4 Case Study 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion 6.1 General Discussion and Conclusion 6.2 Limitation and Future Work References Affordance and User Behavior: Implication for Inclusive Public Facilities to Promote User Experience 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussions 5 Conclusion References Research on the Idea of Realizing “Low-Carbon Economy and Zero-Carbon City” by Electric Power and Transportation System in Smart Cities 1 Introduction 2 “Low-Carbon Economy and Zero-Carbon City” is an Ongoing Global Systematic Social Transformation 2.1 Science Helps Advance the Development of “Low Carbon Economy” and Gains Time and Confidence for Realizing “Zero Carbon City” 2.2 We Will Comprehensively Promote Low-Carbon Transformation and the Two-Wheel Drive of Carbon Fixation Layout, and Steadily Promote the Realization of “Zero Carbon City” 2.3 Vigorously Consolidate the Development Foundation of Low-Carbon Economy and “Zero-Carbon City” and Promote the High-Quality Development of Smart City Planning 3 Urban Power: Scheme Discussion in the Planning of “Low Carbon Economy and Zero Carbon City” 3.1 Promote the Upgrading of Power Grid to Energy Internet, and Strive to Build a Clean Energy Optimization Platform 3.2 Promote the Coordinated Development of Network Sources and the Optimization of Dispatching and Trading Mechanism, and Strive to do a Good Job in the Consumption of Clean Energy Well Networks 3.3 Promote Energy Conservation and Efficiency Improvement in the Whole Society, and Strive to Improve the Electrification Level of Terminal Consumption 3.4 Promote the Implementation of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction of “Low Carbon Economy”, and Strive to Reduce its Own Carbon Emission Level 3.5 Promote Energy and Power Technology Innovation, and Focus on Improving Operation Safety and Efficiency 3.6 Promote the Deepening of International Exchange and Cooperation, and Focus on Gathering the Largest Combined Force of Energy Green Transformation 3.7 People in The Whole Society Take Voluntary Actions to form a Green and Low-Carbon Production and Lifestyle 4 Urban Transportation: Scheme Discussion in the Planning of “Low Carbon Economy and Zero Carbon City” 4.1 Problems and Challenges 4.2 Countermeasures and Suggestions 5 Research Summary References Smart Sewing Device Design for Transform Old Clothes Based on Multimodal Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Analysis 2.1 Multi-modal Interaction Theory 2.2 Kano Model 2.3 VACP Model 3 Analysis on the Feasibility of Old Clothing Recycling Under Multiple Modal 3.1 Interactive Requirements in Old Clothing Recycling Environment 3.2 The Advantage of Old Clothing Recycling Under the Perspective of Multiple Modal 4 Need Analysis of Intelligent Sewing Equipment Under Multimodality 4.1 Analysis of User Needs 4.2 Multimodal Environment Analysis 5 Design Scheme and Practice of Intelligent Sewing Equipment 5.1 Software Interface Construction 5.2 Hardware Build 6 Conclusion References Inclusive Design and the User Experience in Green Spaces: A Case in Guangzhou, China 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Case Study in Guangzhou 2.2 Research Method and Procedures 3 Results 3.1 Refurbished Environment and Facilities in the People’s Park 3.2 Data on the Park’s Users 3.3 The Relationship Between User Behavior and Environments and Facilities 3.4 Factors Related to Park Inclusiveness and the User Experience 4 Discussion 4.1 Factors Related to Park Inclusiveness and the User Experience 4.2 An Integrated Green Space Framework 5 Conclusion References Wearable Devices for Communication and Problem-Solving in the Context of Industry 4.0 1 Introduction 2 Background and Related Work 3 Context of Research 4 Wearable Device Solution 5 Quick and Dirty Usability Testing for Wearable Development 6 Results and Discussion 7 Conclusions and Limitations 8 Future Works References User-Centered Design of a Digital Citizen Inquiry Project on Plastic Circular Economy for Young People 1 Introduction 2 Literature Reviews 2.1 A Connection Between Citizen Science and Citizen Inquiry 2.2 Digital Citizen Inquiry Project and Its Impacts 2.3 Interaction and User-Centered Design in Digital Citizen Inquiry for Youth 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Setting: Plastic Detectives Mobile Application 3.2 Approach: User-Centered Design 3.3 Participants and Data Collection 4 Results of Formative Evaluation 4.1 Perceived Usefulness 4.2 Perceived Ease of Use 4.3 Attitude Toward Using and Behavioral Intention to Use 4.4 Actual System Use 5 Discussions 6 Conclusions References IoT-Based User Interface for Remote Control of a Mobile Robot 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Mobile Robot 2.2 M5tack Application 2.3 Acceptance of IoT Technology 3 Results 3.1 Operation 3.2 Sending Times 3.3 Acceptance 4 Discussions 5 Conclusion References Unseen Obstacle Detection via Monocular Camera Against Speed Change and Background Noise 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Method 3.1 Long-Short Mobile RNN Optical Flow 3.2 Cosine Similarity Comparison 3.3 GRU Feature Decoding 3.4 Global Direction Filter 3.5 Robot System 4 Experiment 4.1 Implementation Details 4.2 Animal Crashing Challenge 4.3 Evaluation on Real Robot Platform 5 Conclusion References Design of Equipment for Road Traffic Closure in Flooded Underpass 1 Introduction 2 Research Objective and Methodology 3 Analysis of Existing Equipment 4 User Research 5 Concept Development 6 Design Validation 7 Conclusions 8 Research Limitations and Future Studies References Author Index