Hazard Modeling and Assessment of the Nile Delta Coast : Remote Sensing and GIS Applications

The book presents the results of a doctoral thesis conducted under the supervision of two international governmental universities in Egypt and the USA. This book is very important for specialists in the field of Physical Geography with concentration of Geographic Information Science and Remote Sensing techniques for Coastal Hazard Assessment. It deals with coastal hazards and disasters using unique techniques and methods, such as Coastline Change Detection, Sea-Level Rise Modeling and Future Predication, Coastal Erosion Hazard Mapping, and Coastal Vulnerability Index. The integration of geospatial technologies that applied accurately in this book especially for the coastal hazard mitigation and protection devise evaluation makes it very helpful for researchers and academics, as well as for coastal and civil engineers. Preface Contents List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview 1.1.1 Satellite-Remote Sensing 1.1.2 Geographic Information Systems (GISs) 1.2 Study Area 1.3 Literature Review 1.3.1 Section 1 (Sea Level Rise, Climate Change, Coastal Vulnerability) 1.3.2 Section 2 (Coastal Erosion, Shoreline Retreat, Coastline Dynamics, Geomorphology) References 2 Physical Characteristics of the Nile Delta’s Coastal Plain 2.1 General 2.2 Geological Characteristics 2.2.1 Formation and Evolution of the Nile Delta Coastline 2.2.2 Stratigraphy 2.2.3 The Surface Quaternary Deposits 2.2.4 Geological Structure of the Nile Delta 2.2.5 The Nile Delta is Differentiated into Two Geological Provinces 2.3 Morphological Characteristics 2.3.1 Topographical Analysis 2.3.2 Slopes 2.3.3 Aspects 2.3.4 Climatological Characteristics 2.3.5 Temperature 2.3.6 Relative Humidity 2.3.7 Precipitation (Rainfall) 2.3.8 Wind 2.4 Summary References 3 Assessment of the Nile Delta’s Coastline Dynamics: A Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Computational Approach 3.1 General 3.2 Factors Controlling Coastline Dynamics 3.2.1 Hydrodynamic Factors 3.2.2 Human Interventions 3.3 Materials and Methods 3.3.1 Topographic Maps 3.3.2 Pre-Processing of Satellite Imagery 3.3.3 Shoreline Delineation 3.4 GIS-Based DSAS Geodatabase 3.4.1 Coastline Dynamic Computation 3.5 Results and Discussion 3.5.1 Overall Assessment of Coastline Dynamics (1945–2015) 3.5.2 Zonal Coastline Change Analysis 3.6 Summary References 4 GIS-Based Spatial Modeling of Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise Along the Nile Delta Coast 4.1 General 4.2 Coastal Flooding and Inundation Modeling 4.2.1 SLAAM (Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model) 4.2.2 Ecological Landscape Spatial Simulation Models 4.2.3 DIVA Model (Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment) 4.2.4 SimCLIM Model 4.2.5 GIS-Based Inundation Modeling 4.3 Global Mean Sea Level Rise 4.4 Global Sea Level Measurement Techniques 4.4.1 SLR Measurement Using a Tide Gauge 4.4.2 SLR Measurement Using High-Precision Satellite Altimetry 4.5 Global Sea Level Change 4.6 Factors Controlling Sea Level Change 4.6.1 Impact of Climate Change and Global Warming on Sea Level Change 4.6.2 Impact of Global Ice Melting on Sea Level Change 4.7 Potential Impacts of SLR 4.8 Geoindicators of SLR During the Holocene 4.8.1 Geomorphological Indicators 4.8.2 Sedimentological Indicators 4.8.3 Archaeological Indicators 4.9 GIS-Based Empirical Modeling of Potential Impacts of SLR 4.9.1 GIS Model Variables: First Stage—Input GIS Data Variables 4.10 Model Functions, Validation, and Running 4.11 Model Validation and Running 4.12 Results and Discussion 4.12.1 According to IPCC Scenarios (2013) 4.12.2 According to IPCC Scenarios (2007) 4.12.3 According to the Tide Gauge of Mediterranean 4.13 Summary References 5 Geospatial Assessment and Mapping of Coastal Erosion Vulnerability Along the Nile Delta Coast: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach 5.1 General 5.2 Coastal Erosion Hazard and Risk Along the NDC 5.2.1 Erosion Risk Assessment 5.2.2 Siltation Risk Assessment 5.3 Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Coastal Protection Structures 5.3.1 Rosetta Promontory 5.3.2 Baltim-Burullus Zone 5.3.3 Ras El Bar-Damietta Promontory 5.3.4 Underwater Sunken of Coastal Protection Structure 5.3.5 Shoreline Positional Prediction 5.4 Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) 5.4.1 Calculation of CVI 5.5 Summary References