Hazard Analysis of Seismic Soil Liquefaction (Springer Natural Hazards)

This book presents comprehensive hazard analysis methods for seismic soil liquefaction, providing an update on soil liquefaction by systematically reviewing the phenomenon’s occurrence since the beginning of this century. It also puts forward a range of advanced research methods including in-situ tests, laboratory studies, physical model tests, numerical simulation, and performance-based assessment. Recent seismic liquefaction-related damage to soils and foundations demonstrate the increasing need for the comprehensive hazard analysis of seismic soil liquefaction in order to mitigate this damage and protect human lives. As such the book addresses the comprehensive hazard analysis of seismic soil liquefaction, including factors such as macroscopic characteristics, evaluating the liquefaction potential, dynamic characteristics and deformation processes, providing reliable evaluation results for liquefaction potential and deformation in the context of risk assessment. < Preface 6 Contents 8 About the Authors 11 List of Figures 12 List of Tables 18 1 Introduction 20 1.1 Seismic Hazards and Related Liquefaction Damage Worldwide 20 1.2 Multi-approaches for Hazard Analysis of Seismic Soil Liquefaction 21 1.2.1 In Situ Test Analysis 22 1.2.2 Experimental Analysis 23 1.2.3 Numerical Simulation 24 1.3 Book Outline 26 References 27 2 Macroscopic Characteristics of Seismic Liquefaction 29 2.1 Characteristics of Seismic Liquefaction 29 2.1.1 Earthquakes Induced Widespread Liquefaction since the Beginning of this Century 29 2.1.2 Characteristics of Liquefaction Distribution 29 2.1.3 Classification of Liquefaction Phenomena 30 2.1.3.1 Sand Boiling 31 2.1.3.2 Ground Cracks 32 2.1.3.3 Lateral Spread 33 2.1.4 Related Liquefaction Damage 35 2.2 Case Study: Field Investigation of Liquefaction from the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake 36 2.2.1 Introduction to Wenchuan Earthquake 36 2.2.2 Survey Area 36 2.2.3 Liquefaction Distribution and Characteristics 37 2.2.4 Foundation Damage Related to Liquefaction in the Dujiangyan Area 39 2.2.4.1 Liquefaction and Related Damage 39 2.2.4.2 Analysis of Liquefaction Mechanism 42 2.3 New Liquefaction Phenomena During Recent Earthquakes 46 2.4 Summary 48 References 49 3 Liquefaction Potential Evaluation Based on In Situ Testing 52 3.1 Introduction to Liquefaction Evaluation Based on In Situ Testing 52 3.1.1 Liquefaction Evaluation Procedure Based on In Situ Testing 52 3.1.2 Assessment of “Triggering” (Initiation) of Soil Liquefaction 52 3.1.3 Assessment of Liquefaction Resistance 55 3.2 In Situ Testing for Liquefaction Potential Evaluation 57 3.2.1 Standard Penetration Test 58 3.2.1.1 Test Apparatus and Procedure 58 3.2.1.2 Data Analysis for Liquefaction Potential Evaluation 59 3.2.2 Cone Penetration Test 63 3.2.2.1 Test Apparatus and Procedure 63 3.2.2.2 Data Analysis for Liquefaction Potential Evaluation 63 3.2.3 Wave Velocity Test 65 3.2.3.1 Test Apparatus and Procedure 65 3.2.3.2 Data Analysis for Liquefaction Potential Evaluation 66 3.2.4 Becker Penetration and Dynamic Penetration Tests 67 3.2.4.1 Test Apparatus and Procedure 67 3.2.4.2 Data Analysis for Liquefaction Potential Evaluation 68 3.3 Assessment of Site Liquefaction Potential and Seismic Deformation 68 3.3.1 Assessment of Site Liquefaction Potential 68 3.3.2 Assessment of Seismic Deformation 69 3.3.3 Case Study of Liquefaction Evaluation Based on SPT 71 3.4 Conclusions 73 References 73 4 Laboratory Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Liquefiable Soil 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Dynamic Triaxial Tests of Soil Dynamic Properties for Large Strain Range 79 4.2.1 Introduction of Dynamic Triaxial Tests 79 4.2.2 Laboratory Tests 81 4.2.3 Test Analysis of Test Results 87 4.3 Resonant Column Tests of Soil Dynamic Properties for Small Strain Range 91 4.3.1 Introduction of Resonant Column Tests 91 4.3.2 Laboratory Tests 92 4.4 Comprehensive Liquefaction Potential and Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of a Reservoir Dam Foundation 94 4.4.1 Site Introduction 94 4.4.2 Analysis of Standard Penetration Test Results 95 4.4.3 Analysis of Dynamic Triaxial Test Results 97 4.4.4 Analysis of Resonant Column Test Result 104 4.5 Summary 107 References 107 5 Physical Model Testing for Dynamic Characteristics of Seismic Soil Liquefaction 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Principles and Scaling Relationships in Geotechnical Centrifuge Modeling 110 5.2.1 Principles of Geotechnical Centrifuge Modeling 110 5.2.2 Scaling Relationships in Geotechnical Centrifuge Modeling 113 5.3 Physical Model Testing for Dynamic Characteristics of a Reservoir Dam Foundation 116 5.3.1 Problem Description 116 5.3.2 Dynamic Centrifuge Modeling Tests 117 5.3.3 Model Test Result Analysis 124 5.3.4 Discussion 131 5.4 Summary 132 References 133 6 Numerical Simulation for Deformation of Liquefiable Soils 135 6.1 Numerical Method 135 6.2 Constitutive Models for Liquefiable Soils 136 6.2.1 Nonlinear Constitutive Model 136 6.2.2 Cycle Elastoplastic Constitutive Model 139 6.3 Simulation and Analysis of Various Engineering Problems 143 6.3.1 Earth Embankment Foundation on Liquefiable Soils 143 6.3.2 Mitigation of Liquefaction-Induced Soil Deformation of Sandy Ground Improved by Cement Grouting 147 6.4 Summary 153 References 154 7 Comprehensive Evaluation of Liquefaction Damage During Earthquakes 156 7.1 Introduction 156 7.2 Comprehensive Evaluation Methods of Seismic Liquefaction Performance 157 7.2.1 Field Tests 158 7.2.2 Laboratory Dynamic Test 159 7.2.3 Dynamic Centrifuge Model Test 161 7.2.4 Security Evaluation of Seismic Liquefaction Based on the PBSD Criteria 161 7.3 Case Study 166 7.4 Summary 177 References 179 Front Matter....Pages i-xx Introduction....Pages 1-9 Macroscopic Characteristics of Seismic Liquefaction....Pages 11-33 Liquefaction Potential Evaluation Based on In Situ Testing....Pages 35-59 Laboratory Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Liquefiable Soil....Pages 61-92 Physical Model Testing for Dynamic Characteristics of Seismic Soil Liquefaction....Pages 93-118 Numerical Simulation for Deformation of Liquefiable Soils....Pages 119-139 Comprehensive Evaluation of Liquefaction Damage During Earthquakes....Pages 141-165