Hardware for Quantum Computing

This book covers extensively the physical implementation of qubits and quantum architecture. The author demonstrates how quantum computing is implemented by the underlying physical implementation of qubits, including trapped ions, nitrogen vacancy centers, frozen neon, and other implementations. The book shows how, ultimately, the physical implementation of the qubit is the foundation of quantum computing, and that the choice of physical qubit will impact such things as decoherence times, computational efficiency, and even error rate. The book explores all the current approaches to physical qubit implementation and includes appendices that review basic quantum computing and physics. Introduction Contents About the Author Chapter 1: Trapped Ion Quantum Computing Introduction Trapping Ions Trapped Ion Hardware Paul Ion Trap Penning Trap Kingdon Trap Magnetic Bottle Using Trapped Ions Measurement Gate Operations Challenges Ytterbium 171 Specific Implementations IonQ Sandia Labs Quantinuum Eleqtron Alpine Quantum Factory Research Conclusions Chapter 2: Superconducting Quantum Computing Introduction Technical Details Flowermon Specific Implementations IBM Q-Series Eagle Osprey Condor Heron Google Bristlecone Sycamore Rigetti Riken China’s Zuchongzhi Processor Xiaohong Research Conclusions Chapter 3: Photonic Quantum Computing Introduction Photon Details Details on Photonic Qubits Specific Implementations of Photonic Computing China’s Jiuzhang Processor Xanadu Quantum Technologies United Kingdom’s ORCA PsiQuantum Quantum Computing Inc. Photonic Quantum Computing and Quantum Key Distribution Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics Research Conclusions Chapter 4: Bose-Einstein Condensate Introduction What Is a Bose Einstein Condensate? BEC Qubits Gates Laser Gates Magnetic Field Gates Spatial Separation Gates Practical Use-Cases Research Conclusions Chapter 5: Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers Introduction In Depth into Diamond Vacancies The Landé g-Factor Into the Diamond-Vacancy Qubit Companies Working with Diamond-Vacancy Quantum Computing Quantum Brilliance Diatope QZabre Research Disadvantages and Challenges with Nitrogen-Vacancy Qubits Conclusions Chapter 6: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Quantum Computing Introduction Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Qubits Liquid State NMR Solid State NMR Kane Quantum Computer Specific Implementations SpinQ Research Conclusions Chapter 7: Electron-Based Quantum Computing Introduction Variations Free Electron Spin Electron on Helium Silicon Phosphorous Molecular Magnet Qubits Frozen Neon Deeper into Frozen Neon Qubits Research Conclusions Chapter 8: Fullerene-Based Quantum Computers Introduction Fullerenes Fullerene Qubits Quantum Dot Qubits Metallic-Like Carbon Nanospheres Research Conclusions Chapter 9: Quantum Annealing Introduction The D-Wave Approach Adiabatic Quantum Computing Quantum Annealing D-Waves Products Other Quantum Annealing Endeavors Qilimanjaro Tech Fujitsu Hitachi NEC Research Conclusions Chapter 10: Topological Quantum Computing Introduction Deeper into Topological Quantum Computing Basics of the Quantum Hall Effect Abelian and Non-Abelian Anyons Abelian Anyons Non-Abelian Anyons Fibonacci Anyons Braids Topological Field Theory Research Conclusions Chapter 11: Neutral Atom-Based Quantum Computing Introduction Rydberg States Quantum Operations Optical Tweezers Companies Using Neutral Atoms Pasqal Quera Atom Computing Research Conclusions Chapter 12: Reducing Noise and Error Correcting Introduction Decoherence Noise Error Correction Shor Codes Bacon-Shor Codes Stean Code Raymond Laflamme Five-Qubit Codes Topological Codes Floquet Error Correction Codes Majorana Stabilizer Code Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) Code Conclusions Appendices Appendix 1: Basic Quantum Computing Basic Quantum Physics The Nature of Light Blackbody Radiation Entanglement Qubits Bra-Ket Notation Born’s Law Quantum Gates Summary Appendix 2: Mathematics for Quantum Computing Linear Algebra Linear Algebra Basics Matrix Addition and Multiplication Other Matrix Operations Determinant of a Matrix Vectors and Vector Spaces Vector Metrics Vector Length Dot Product Tensor Product Cross Product Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Eigendecomposition A Little Deeper into Linear Algebra Spread of a Matrix Density Matrix Schmidt Decomposition Complex Numbers Arithmetic Operations Conjugate Summary Index