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Perfect your lab skills with the essential text for diagnostic microbiology! Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology, 15th Edition Is known as the #1 bench reference for practicing microbiologists and as the preeminent text for students in clinical laboratory science programs. With hundreds of full-color illustrations and step-by-step methods for procedures, this text provides a solid, basic understanding of diagnostic microbiology and also covers more advanced techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Written by noted CLS educator Dr. Patricia Tille, Diagnostic Microbiology has everything you need to get accurate lab test results in class and in clinical practice. More than 800 high-quality, full-color illustrations help you visualize concepts. Expanded sections on parasitology, mycology, and virology allow you to use just one book, eliminating the need to purchase other microbiology textbooks for these topics. Hands-on procedures show exactly what takes place in the lab, including step-by-step methods, photos, and expected results. Case studies allow you to apply your knowledge to diagnostic scenarios and to develop critical thinking skills. Genera and Species boxes provide handy, at-a-glance summaries at the beginning of each organism chapter. Learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter provide measurable outcomes to achieve by completing the chapter material. A glossary defines terms at the back of the book and on the Evolve companion website. New ! Updated content includes infectious disease trends and new illustrations such as culture plate images of real specimens, complex gram stains, lactophenol cotton blue microscopy, and more. NEW COVID-19 information has been added. UPDATED topics include the Human Microbiome Project, expanded MALDI-TOF applications and molecular diagnostics in conjunction with traditional microbiology, additional streps, and significant news in mycology. EXPANDED glossary defines terms on the Evolve companion website. Front Cover IFC Bailey & Scott’s DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY Copyright Dedication Reviewers Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Contents I - Basic Medical Microbiology 1 - Microbial Taxonomy Classification Family Genus Species Nomenclature Identification Identification Methods 2 - Bacterial Genetics, Metabolism, and Structure Bacterial Genetics Nucleic Acid Structure and Organization Nucleotide Structure and Sequence Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecular Structure Genes and the Genetic Code Chromosomes Nonchromosomal Elements (Mobilome) DNA Replication Replication Expression of Genetic Information Transcription Translation Regulation and Control of Gene Expression Genetic Exchange and Diversity Mutation Genetic Recombination Genetic Exchange Transformation Transduction Conjugation Bacterial Metabolism Fueling Acquisition of Nutrients Production of Precursor Metabolites Energy Production Oxidative Phosphorylation Biosynthesis Polymerization and Assembly Structure and Function of the Bacterial Cell Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Bacterial Morphology Bacterial Cell Components Cell Envelope Outer Membrane Cell Wall (Murein Layer) Periplasmic Space Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane Cellular Appendages Cell Interior 3 - Host-Microorganism Interactions The Encounter Between Host and Microorganism The Human Host’s Perspective Microbial Reservoirs and Transmission Human and Microbe Interactions Animals as Microbial Reservoirs Insects as Vectors The Environment as a Microbial Reservoir The Microorganism’s Perspective Microorganism Colonization of Host Surfaces The Host’s Perspective Skin and Skin Structures Mucous Membranes General Protective Characteristics Specific Protective Characteristics The Microorganism’s Perspective Microbial Colonization Microorganism Entry, Invasion, and Dissemination The Host’s Perspective Disruption of Surface Barriers Responses to Microbial Invasion of Deeper Tissue Nonspecific Responses Phagocytes Inflammation Specific Responses—The Immune System Components of the Immune System Two Branches of the Immune System The Microorganism’s Perspective Colonization and Infection Pathogens and Virulence Microbial Virulence Factors Attachment Invasion Survival Against Inflammation Survival Against the Immune System Microbial Toxins Genetics of Virulence: Pathogenicity Islands Biofilm Formation Outcome and Prevention of Infectious Diseases Outcome of Infectious Diseases Prevention of Infectious Diseases Immunization Epidemiology II - General Principles in Clinical Microbiology 1 - Safety and Specimen Management 4 - Laboratory Safety Sterilization, Disinfection, and Decontamination Methods of Sterilization Methods of Disinfection Physical Methods of Disinfection Chemical Methods of Disinfection Antiseptics Chemical Safety Fire Safety Electrical Safety Handling of Compressed Gases Biosafety Exposure Control Plan Employee Education and Orientation Disposal of Hazardous Waste Standard Precautions Laboratory Design and Engineering Controls Laboratory Environment Biological Safety Levels Biologic Safety Cabinets Personal Protective Equipment Postexposure Control Mailing Biohazardous Materials 5 - Specimen Management General Concepts for Specimen Collection and Handling Appropriate Collection Techniques Specimen Transport Specimen Preservation Specimen Storage Specimen Labeling Specimen Requisition Rejection of Unacceptable Specimens Specimen Processing Gross Examination of Specimen Direct Microscopic Examination Selection of Culture Media Specimen Preparation Inoculation on Solid Media Incubation Conditions Specimen Work-Up Extent of Identification Required Communication of Laboratory Findings Critical (Panic) Values Expediting Results Reporting: Computerization 2 - Approaches to Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 6 - Role of Microscopy Bright-Field (Light) Microscopy Principles of Light Microscopy Magnification Resolution Contrast Direct and Indirect Smears Staining Techniques Gram Stain Procedure Overview Principle Gram Stain Examination (Direct Smear) Gram Stain of Bacteria Grown in Culture (Indirect Smear) Acid-Fast Stains Principle Procedure Overview Phase-Contrast Microscopy Fluorescent Microscopy Principle of Fluorescent Microscopy Staining Techniques for Fluorescent Microscopy Fluorochroming Acridine Orange Auramine-Rhodamine Calcofluor White Immunofluorescence Dark-Field Microscopy Digital Automated Microscopy Digital Holographic Microscopy 7 - Overview of Conventional Cultivation and Systems for Identification Organism Identification Principles of Bacterial Cultivation Nutritional Requirements General Concepts of Culture Media Phases of Growth Media Media Classifications and Functions Summary of Artificial Media for Routine Bacteriology Blood Agar Brain-Heart Infusion Chocolate Agar Columbia Colistin-Nalidixic Acid With Blood Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, Levine Gram-Negative Broth Hektoen Enteric Agar MacConkey Agar Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar Modified Thayer-Martin Agar Thioglycollate Broth Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate Agar Preparation of Artificial Media Media Sterilization Cell Cultures Environmental Requirements Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Concentration Temperature pH Moisture Methods for Providing Optimal Incubation Conditions Bacterial Cultivation Isolation of Bacteria From Specimens Evaluation of Colony Morphologies Type of Media Supporting Bacterial Growth Relative Quantities of Each Colony Type Colony Characteristics Indirect Gram Stain and Subcultures Principles of Identification Organism Identification Using Genotypic Criteria Organism Identification Using Phenotypic Criteria Microscopic Morphology and Staining Characteristics Macroscopic (Colony) Morphology Environmental Requirements for Growth Resistance or Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents Nutritional Requirements and Metabolic Capabilities Establishing Enzymatic Capabilities Types of Enzyme-Based Tests Single Enzyme Tests Catalase Test Oxidase Test Indole Test L-pyroglutamyl-aminopeptidase Test Tests for the Presence of Metabolic Pathways Oxidation and Fermentation Tests Amino Acid Degradation Single Substrate Utilization Establishing Inhibitor Profiles Principles of Phenotypic Identification Schemes Selection and Inoculation of Identification Biochemical Test Battery Type of Bacteria to Be Identified Clinical Significance of the Bacterial Isolate Availability of Reliable Testing Methods Incubation for Substrate Utilization Conventional Identification Rapid Identification Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Detection of Metabolic Activity Colorimetry Fluorescence Turbidity Analysis of Metabolic Profiles Identification Databases Use of the Database to Identify Unknown Isolates Confidence in Identification Commercial Identification Systems and Automation Advantages and Examples of Commercial System Designs 8 - Nucleic Acid–Based Analytic Methods for Microbial Identification and Characterization Overview of Nucleic Acid–Based Methods Specimen Collection and Transport Nucleic Acid Hybridization Methods Hybridization Steps and Components Production and Labeling of Nucleic Acid Probe Preparation of Target Nucleic Acid Mixture and Hybridization of Target and Probe Detection of Hybridization Hybridization Formats Liquid Format Solid Support Format In Situ Hybridization Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Hybridization With Signal Amplification Amplification Methods—Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Overview of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Derivations Extraction and Denaturation of the Target Nucleic Acid Primer Annealing Extension of the Primer-Target Duplex Detection of Polymerase Chain Reaction Products Derivations of the Polymerase Chain Reaction Method Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification Methods: Non–Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Coupled Target and Signal (Probe) Amplification Isothermal (Constant Temperature) Amplification Nicking Endonuclease Amplification Postamplification End-Point Analysis Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis Sequencing and Enzymatic Digestion of Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Sequencing Pyrosequencing Next Generation Sequencing Nucleic Acid and Oligonucleotide Arrays High-Density Deoxyribonucleic Acid Probes Low- to Moderate-Density Arrays Magnetic Resonance Enzymatic Digestion and Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids Applications of Nucleic Acid–Based Methods Direct Detection of Microorganisms Advantages and Disadvantages Analytical Specificity Analytical Sensitivity Applications for Direct Molecular Detection of Microorganisms Identification of Microorganisms Grown in Culture Characterization of Microorganisms Beyond Identification Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Investigation of Strain Relatedness and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Automation and Advances in Molecular Diagnostic Instrumentation 9 - Overview of Immunochemical Methods Used for Organism Detection Features of the Immune Response Characteristics of Antibodies Features of the Humoral Immune Response Useful in Diagnostic Testing Interpretation of Serologic Tests Production of Antibodies for Use in Laboratory Testing Polyclonal Antibodies Monoclonal Antibodies Immunoglobulin M Clinical Significance Separating Immunoglobulin M from Immunoglobulin G for Serologic Testing Principles of Immunochemical Methods Used for Organism Detection Precipitation Tests Double Immunodiffusion Single Immunodiffusion Particle Agglutination Coagglutination Hemagglutination Hemagglutination Inhibition Assays Flocculation Tests Neutralization Assays Complement Fixation Assays Immunofluorescent Assays Enzyme Immunoassays Solid-Phase Immunoassay Membrane-Bound Solid-Phase Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay Automated Fluorescent Immunoassays Western Blot Immunoassays Summary 3 - Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity 10 - Principles of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance Antimicrobial Action Principles Mode of Action of Antibacterial Agents Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Beta-Lactams Fosfomycin Glycopeptides and Lipoglycopeptides Inhibitors of Cell Membrane Function Lipopeptides Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Aminoglycosides Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin Group Ketolides Oxazolidinones Chloramphenicol Tetracyclines Glycylglycines Mupirocin Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Fluoroquinolones Metronidazole Rifamycin Inhibitors of Other Metabolic Processes Sulfonamides Trimethoprim Nitrofurantoin Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Principles Biologic Versus Clinical Resistance Environmentally Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance Microorganism-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance Intrinsic Resistance Acquired Resistance Common Pathways for Antimicrobial Resistance Resistance to Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials Resistance to Glycopeptides Resistance to Aminoglycosides Resistance to Quinolones Resistance to Other Antimicrobial Agents Emergence and Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance 11 - Laboratory Methods and Strategies for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Goal and Limitations Standardization Limitations of Standardization Testing Methods Principles Methods That Directly Measure Antimicrobial Activity Conventional Testing Methods: General Considerations Inoculum Preparation Selection of Antimicrobial Agents for Testing Conventional Testing Methods: Broth Dilution Procedures Medium and Antimicrobial Agents. With in vitro susceptibility testing methods, certain conditions must be altered when examining... Inoculation and Incubation. Standardized bacterial suspensions that match the turbidity of the 0.5 McFarland standard (i.e., 1.5... . After incubation, the microdilution trays are examined for bacterial growth. Each tray should include a growth (i.e., Positive... Conventional Testing Methods: Agar Dilution Conventional Testing Methods: Disk Diffusion Procedures . The Mueller-Hinton preparation is the standard agar-base medium used for testing most bacterial organisms, although certain su... . Before disk placement, the plate surface is inoculated using a swab that has been submerged in a bacterial suspension standard... . Before results with individual antimicrobial agent disks are read, the plate is examined to confirm that a confluent lawn of g... . Two important advantages of the disk diffusion test are convenience and user friendliness. Up to 12 antimicrobial agents can b... Commercial Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Systems Rapid ID/Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Systems Gradient Diffusion Testing Alternative Approaches for Enhancing Resistance Detection Supplemental Testing Methods Predictor Antimicrobial Agents Methods That Directly Detect Specific Resistance Mechanisms Phenotypic Methods Beta-Lactamase Detection Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Detection Genotypic Methods Special Methods for Complex Antimicrobial/Organism Interactions Bactericidal Tests Minimal Bactericidal Concentration Time-Kill Studies Serum Bactericidal Test (Schlichter Test) Tests for Activity of Antimicrobial Combinations Laboratory Strategies for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Relevance When to Perform a Susceptibility Test Determining Clinical Significance Predictability of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Availability of Reliable Susceptibility Testing Methods Selection of Antimicrobial Agents for Testing Accuracy Use of Accurate Methodologies Review of Results Components of Results Review Strategies Data Review Resolution Accuracy and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Communication III - Bacteriology 1 - Principles of Identification 12 - Overview of Bacterial Identification Methods and Strategies: Acetamide Utilization Rationale for Approaching Organism Identification Future Trends of Organism Identification 2 - Catalase-Positive, Gram-Positive Cocci 13 - Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Microscopy Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Matrix-Assisted Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 3 - Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci 14 - Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci Streptococcus pneumoniae Viridans Streptococci Enterococcus spp Miscellaneous Other Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Antigen Detection Nucleic Acid Detection Gram Stain Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 4 - Non-Branching, Catalase-Positive, Gram-Positive Bacilli 15 - Bacillus and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Bacillus anthracis Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease B. cereus Group (not B. anthracis) Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease B. thuringiensis Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Serodiagnosis Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 16 - Listeria, Corynebacterium, and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Serodiagnosis Comments on Specific Organisms Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention Treatment 5 - Non-Branching, Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Bacilli 17 - Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Nucleic Acid Detection Serodiagnosis Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 6 - Branching or Partially Acid-Fast, Gram-Positive Bacilli 18 - Nocardia, Streptomyces, Rhodococcus, and Similar Organisms: GENERA AND SPECIES TO BE CONSIDERED General Characteristics Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes Partially Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes Nocardia spp Rhodococcus, Gordonia, and Tsukamurella spp Thermophilic Actinomycetes Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes Partially Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes Nocardia spp Rhodococcus, Gordonia, and Tsukamurella spp Non–Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes: Streptomyces, Actinomadura, Amycolatopsis, Dermatophilus, Dietzia, Nocardiopsis, Pseudonoca... Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes Partially Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes Nocardia spp Rhodococcus, Gordonia, and Tsukamurella spp Non–Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes: Streptomyces, Actinomadura, Amycolatopsis, Dermatophilus, Dietzia, Nocardiopsis, Pseudonoca... Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing Direct Detection Methods Nucleic Acid Detection Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Cultivation Approach to Identification Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 7 - Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Positive, Oxidase-Negative) 19 - Enterobacterales General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Diseases Specific Organisms Opportunistic Human Pathogens Citrobacter spp Cronobacter spp Edwardsiella spp Enterobacter spp Escherichia coli Erwinia spp Hafnia spp Klebsiella spp Morganella spp Pantoea spp Plesiomonas shigelloides Proteus spp. and Providencia spp Raoultella spp Serratia spp Other Enterobacterales Primary Intestinal Pathogens Salmonella Shigella spp Yersinia spp Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Specific Considerations for Identifying Enteric Pathogens Serodiagnosis Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacterales Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporin Resistance and Carbapenem Resistance Multidrug-Resistant Typhoid Fever Prevention 20 - Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Other Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Antimicrobial Therapy Prevention 8 - Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Positive, Oxidase-Positive) 21 - Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, and Ralstonia spp Acidovorax, Brevundimonas, and Pandoraea spp Pseudomonas spp Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, and Ralstonia spp Acidovorax, Brevundimonas, and Pandoraea spp Pseudomonas spp Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Other Identification Methods Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 22 - Achromobacter, Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum, and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 23 - Chryseobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 24 - Alcaligenes, Comamonas, and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 25 - Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Chromobacterium violaceum General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 9 - Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Negative, Oxidase-Positive) 26 - Sphingomonas and Similar Organisms General Considerations Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Serodiagnosis Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Sphingobacterium mizutaii Sphingomonas paucimobilis Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Prevention 27 - Moraxella and Neisseria spp General Characteristics Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Prevention 28 - Eikenella corrodens and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Prevention 29 - Pasteurella and Similar Organisms General Characteristics and Taxonomy Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Serodiagnosis Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Serodiagnosis Prevention 30 - Actinobacillus, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Similar Organisms General Characteristics Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Spectrum of Disease and Antimicrobial Therapy Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Nucleic Acid Detection Serodiagnosis Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Comments Regarding Specific Organisms Prevention 10 - Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Negative,Oxidase-Variable) 31 - Haemophilus General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Direct Observation Antigen Detection Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Serotyping Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 11 - Gram-Negative Bacilli That Are Optimally Recovered on Special Media 32 - Bartonella Bartonella General Characteristics Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing Direct Detection Methods Microscopy Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Approach to Identification Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 33 - Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter Campylobacter and Arcobacter General Characteristics Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing Direct Detection Antigen Detection Nucleic Acid Detection Media Cultivation Stool Blood Atmosphere Approach to Identification Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention Helicobacter spp General Characteristics Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing Direct Detection Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Approach to Identification Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 34 - Legionella General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Microscopy Antigens Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Approach to Identification Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 35 - Brucella General Characteristics Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing Direct Detection Methods Nucleic Acid Detection Serodiagnosis Cultivation Approach to Identification Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 36 - Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Related Species General Characteristics Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Pathogenesis Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing Direct Detection Methods Cultivation Approach to Identification Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 37 - Francisella General Characteristics Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing Direct Detection Methods Nucleic Acid Detection Serodiagnosis Cultivation Approach to Identification Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 38 - Streptobacillus spp. and Spirillum minus Streptobacillus spp General Characteristics Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing Direct Detection Methods Cultivation Approach to Identification Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention Spirillum minus General Characteristics Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing Direction Detection Methods Serodiagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 12 - Gram-Negative Bacilli 39 - Neisseria and Moraxella catarrhalis General Characteristics Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Collection and Transport Specimen Processing Direct Detection Methods Gram Stain Nucleic Acid Detection Cultivation Media of Choice Incubation Conditions and Duration Colonial Appearance Approach to Identification Biochemical Identification Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Comments About Specific Organisms Immunoserologic Identification Serotyping Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy Prevention 13 - Anaerobic Bacteriology 40 - Overview and General Laboratory Considerations General Characteristics Specimen Collection and Transport Macroscopic Examination of Specimens Direct Detection Methods Gram Staining Specimen Processing Anaerobe Jars or Pouches Holding Jars Anaerobe Chamber Anaerobic Media Incubation Conditions and Duration Approach to Identification Examination of Primary Plates Subculture of Isolates Presumptive Identification of Isolates Definitive Biochemical Identification Rapid Identification Methods Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy 41 - Overview of Anaerobic Organisms: GENERA AND SPECIES TO BE CONSIDERED Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease Gram-Positive, Spore-Forming Bacilli Laboratory Diagnosis and Specimen Collection Nucleic Acid Detection and MALDI-TOF MS (Gram-Positive) Gram-Positive, Non–Spore-Forming Bacilli Laboratory Diagnosis Nucleic Acid Detection and MALDI-TOF MS (Gram-Negative) Gram-Negative Rods Bacteroides fragilis Group Nonpigmented Prevotella spp