Handbook To Life In Medieval And Early Modern Japan (Handbook to Life)

Книга Handbook To Life In Medieval And Early Modern Japan Handbook To Life In Medieval And Early Modern Japan Книги Исторические Автор: William E. Deal Год издания: 2005 Формат: pdf Издат.:Facts on File Страниц: 415 Размер: 13,4 Mb ISBN: 0816056226 Язык: Английский0 (голосов: 0) Оценка:William E. Deal “Handbook To Life In Medieval And Early Modern Japan" CONTENTS 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 10 LIST OF MAPS 11 LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 12 INTRODUCTION 14 USE OF JAPANESE TERMINOLOGY 15 Romanization 15 Pronunciation 15 Personal Names 16 DATES 16 JAPANESE HISTORICAL PERIODS 16 1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT 18 HISTORICAL SURVEY 19 Introduction 19 Medieval Japan (1185–1615) 20 Early Modern Japan (1615–1868) 29 BIOGRAPHIES OF HISTORICAL FIGURES 38 READING 68 General 68 Medieval Japan 69 Early Modern Japan 69 2 LAND, ENVIRONMENT, AND POPULATION 70 LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENT 71 Oceans, Bays, Lakes, and Rivers 71 Mountains, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes 74 Climate 75 Natural Resources 75 Flora and Fauna 76 CITY, TOWN, AND COUNTRYSIDE 77 Castle Towns 77 Market Towns 78 Temple/Shrine Towns 78 Port Towns 78 Post-Station Towns 78 Countryside 79 Domains 79 POPULATION STATISTICS 79 Total Population 79 Urban Population 80 GAZETTEER OF PLACE-NAMES 80 Islands 80 Cities and Towns 82 Domains 98 READING 102 Landscape and Environment 102 City, Town, and Countryside 102 Population Statistics 102 Regions, Provinces, and Equivalent Modern Prefectures 102 3 GOVERNMENT 104 IMPERIAL AND MILITARY RULE 105 STRUCTURE OF THE IMPERIAL COURT 106 Court Ranks 108 STRUCTURE OF THE SHOGUNATES 109 Kamakura Shogunate 109 Muromachi Shogunate 111 Tokugawa Shogunate 113 List of Shoguns and Regents 117 LAW, CRIME, AND PUNISHMENT -1 Pre-Kamakura Shogunate 118 Kamakura Shogunate 118 Muromachi Shogunate 119 Azuchi-Momoyama Period 120 Edo Period 121 READING 122 Imperial and Military Rule 122 Law, Crime, and Punishment 122 4 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY 124 SOCIETY 125 Medieval Society 126 Early Modern Society 128 WOMEN 132 Medieval Period 132 Early Modern Period 133 SOCIAL PROTEST 134 Social Protest in the Medieval Period 134 Social Protest in the Early Modern Period 135 ECONOMY 136 Medieval Economy 136 Early Modern Economy 138 Currency 142 Foreign Trade 144 READING 146 Society 146 Women 147 Social Protest 147 Economy 147 5 WARRIORS AND WARFARE 148 WARRIOR HISTORY 149 Rise of the Military Class 149 Early Medieval Warriors 150 Late Medieval Warriors 151 Early Modern Warriors 152 Warrior Rank and Socio-Economic Position 153 Warrior Terminology 154 WARRIOR ETHICS 155 Bushido: The Way of the Warrior 155 Feudal Society and Bushido 156 Bushido in the Edo Period 157 The Legacy of Bushido 159 Medieval Warrior Values 159 Early Modern Warrior Values 161 Foundations of Warrior Conduct 161 Model Warrior Values 162 MARTIAL ARTS AND WEAPONRY 166 18 Martial Arts 169 ARMOR, HELMETS, AND SHIELDS 184 Armor 185 Helmets 188 Shields 189 FORTIFICATIONS -1 Azuchi-Momoyama- and Edo-Period Castles 190 WARRIOR RANKS AND HIERARCHY 191 Military Structure 191 Warrior Service Requirements 191 Warrior-Monks (Sohei) 193 Foot Soldiers (Ashigaru) 194 Attendants (Yoriki and Doshin) 194 Masterless Samurai (Ronin) 195 BATTLE TACTICS 195 Training 195 Shield Deployment/Formations 196 Archery/Cavalry Strategy 197 Signals and Identification 197 Battle Formations 198 Battle Rituals 199 WARS AND BATTLES 199 READING 201 Warrior History 201 Warrior Ethics 201 Martial Arts and Weaponry 201 Armor, Helmets, and Shields 201 Fortifications 201 Warrior Ranks and Hierarchy 202 Battle Tactics 202 Wars and Battles 202 6 RELIGION 204 INTRODUCTION 205 Japan’s Religious Traditions 205 Common Characteristics 206 SHINTO TRADITIONS 207 Introduction 207 Shinto Mythology 208 Medieval and Early Modern Shinto 208 Shinto Schools 209 Shinto Rituals and Festivals 210 Shinto Ritual Objects 212 Shinto Deities 214 Shinto Priesthood 215 Shinto Shrines 216 JAPANESE BUDDHIST TRADITIONS 219 Introduction 219 Medieval and Early Modern Japanese Buddhism 220 Buddhist Schools 222 Buddhist Monasticism 227 Buddhist Rituals 227 Buddhist Ritual Objects 227 Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and Buddhist Deities 227 Buddhist Temples 230 CHRISTIANITY 234 ROLE OF WOMEN 235 READING 236 General 236 Shinto 236 Buddhism 236 Christianity 236 7 PHILOSOPHY, EDUCATION, AND SCIENCE 238 PHILOSOPHY 239 Neo-Confucian Philosophical Concepts 240 Edo-Period Philosophical Schools 241 EDUCATION 244 Education in the Medieval Period 244 Education in the Early Modern Period 245 Edo-Period Schools 246 SCIENCE 248 Medicine 249 Astronomy 254 Geography 255 Mathematics 256 READING 257 Philosophy 257 Education 257 Science 257 8 LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 258 LANGUAGE 259 Genetic Affiliation 259 Chinese Characters 259 Kana Syllabaries 260 Kanji Pronunciation: on and kun Readings 263 Japanese Vocabulary 263 Writing Styles 264 LITERATURE 266 Introduction 266 Medieval Literature 266 Early Modern Literature 271 READING 277 Language 277 Literature 277 9 PERFORMING ARTS 280 INTRODUCTION 281 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 282 MUSIC AND DANCE 284 Characteristics of Traditional Japanese Music and Dance 285 Music and Dance Traditions 286 RELIGIOUS PERFORMING ARTS 287 Shinto 288 Buddhist 288 Christian 289 THEATER 289 Noh 289 Kyogen 292 Kabuki 293 Bunraku 296 STREET ENTERTAINERS AND STORYTELLERS 298 READING 299 Musical Instruments 299 Music and Dance 299 Religious Performing Arts 299 Theater 299 Street Entertainers and Storytellers 299 10 ART AND ARCHITECTURE 300 INTRODUCTION 301 Medieval Art and Architecture 301 Early Modern Art and Architecture 303 ART -1 Sculpture 304 Painting 305 Ukiyo-e 312 Ceramics 315 Lacquerware 318 TEA AND RELATED ARTS 319 Tea Ceremony Practice 319 Tea Ceremony History 320 Tea Preparations 322 Tea Utensils (chadogu) 322 Role of Nature in the World of Tea 323 Tea Ceramics 324 ARCHITECTURE 324 Buddhist Architecture 324 Shinto Architecture 328 Domestic Architecture 332 READING 341 Art 341 Tea and Related Arts 341 Architecture 341 11 TRAVEL AND COMMUNICATION 342 INTRODUCTION 343 LAND TRAVEL AND COMMUNICATION 344 Modes of Land Travel and Communication 344 Early Modern Road System 345 MARITIME TRAVEL AND COMMUNICATION 350 Medieval Maritime Travel and Communication 350 Early Modern Maritime Travel and Communication 351 Examples of Boat and Ship Types 352 READING 355 Travel and Communication 355 12 EVERYDAY LIFE 356 THE FAMILY 357 Family Structure 357 Housework 357 Children 358 Household Property 359 THE HOME 359 Furnishings 359 Furniture and Other Interior Objects 360 Bedding 360 Standard Interior Structure and Seating 361 Shoji and Other Types of Sliding Doors 361 Tatami 361 Zabuton 361 Heating and Lighting 362 MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE 362 Marriage 362 Divorce 362 Marriage Alternatives 363 SEXUALITY 363 PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH 364 Pregnancy 364 Childbirth 364 FOOD AND DRINK 365 Cooking 365 Sake 365 Dining Etiquette 365 DRESS AND PERSONAL APPEARANCE 367 Hair 367 Cosmetics and Accessories 367 Clothing 368 Everyday Etiquette 370 SPORTS AND DIVERSIONS -1 Sports and Games 370 Household Pets 372 CALENDAR 372 FESTIVALS AND YEARLY RITUALS 372 Festivals 373 Yearly Rituals 374 DEATH AND DYING -1 Life Expectancy 375 Disease 375 Suicide 375 The Afterlife 376 Cremation 376 Mourning 376 READING 376 General 376 The Family 376 The Home 377 Marriage and Divorce 377 Sexuality 377 Pregnancy and Childbirth 377 Food and Drink 377 Dress and Personal Appearance 377 Sports and Diversions 377 Calendar 377 Festivals and Yearly Rituals 377 Death and Dying 377 MUSEUMS OUTSIDE JAPAN WITH NOTED JAPANESE ART COLLECTIONS 378 BIBLIOGRAPHY 380 INDEX 400 CONTENTS......Page 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS......Page 10 LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS......Page 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 12 INTRODUCTION......Page 14 Pronunciation......Page 15 JAPANESE HISTORICAL PERIODS......Page 16 1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT......Page 18 Introduction......Page 19 Medieval Japan (1185–1615)......Page 20 Early Modern Japan (1615–1868)......Page 29 BIOGRAPHIES OF HISTORICAL FIGURES......Page 38 General......Page 68 Early Modern Japan......Page 69 2 LAND, ENVIRONMENT, AND POPULATION......Page 70 Oceans, Bays, Lakes, and Rivers......Page 71 Mountains, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes......Page 74 Natural Resources......Page 75 Flora and Fauna......Page 76 Castle Towns......Page 77 Post-Station Towns......Page 78 Total Population......Page 79 Islands......Page 80 Cities and Towns......Page 82 Domains......Page 98 Regions, Provinces, and Equivalent Modern Prefectures......Page 102 3 GOVERNMENT......Page 104 IMPERIAL AND MILITARY RULE......Page 105 STRUCTURE OF THE IMPERIAL COURT......Page 106 Court Ranks......Page 108 Kamakura Shogunate......Page 109 Muromachi Shogunate......Page 111 Tokugawa Shogunate......Page 113 List of Shoguns and Regents......Page 117 DEATH AND DYING......Page 0 Kamakura Shogunate......Page 118 Muromachi Shogunate......Page 119 Azuchi-Momoyama Period......Page 120 Edo Period......Page 121 Law, Crime, and Punishment......Page 122 4 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY......Page 124 SOCIETY......Page 125 Medieval Society......Page 126 Early Modern Society......Page 128 Medieval Period......Page 132 Early Modern Period......Page 133 Social Protest in the Medieval Period......Page 134 Social Protest in the Early Modern Period......Page 135 Medieval Economy......Page 136 Early Modern Economy......Page 138 Currency......Page 142 Foreign Trade......Page 144 Society......Page 146 Economy......Page 147 5 WARRIORS AND WARFARE......Page 148 Rise of the Military Class......Page 149 Early Medieval Warriors......Page 150 Late Medieval Warriors......Page 151 Early Modern Warriors......Page 152 Warrior Rank and Socio-Economic Position......Page 153 Warrior Terminology......Page 154 Bushido: The Way of the Warrior......Page 155 Feudal Society and Bushido......Page 156 Bushido in the Edo Period......Page 157 Medieval Warrior Values......Page 159 Foundations of Warrior Conduct......Page 161 Model Warrior Values......Page 162 MARTIAL ARTS AND WEAPONRY......Page 166 18 Martial Arts......Page 169 ARMOR, HELMETS, AND SHIELDS......Page 184 Armor......Page 185 Helmets......Page 188 Shields......Page 189 Azuchi-Momoyama- and Edo-Period Castles......Page 190 Warrior Service Requirements......Page 191 Warrior-Monks (Sohei)......Page 193 Attendants (Yoriki and Doshin)......Page 194 Training......Page 195 Shield Deployment/Formations......Page 196 Signals and Identification......Page 197 Battle Formations......Page 198 WARS AND BATTLES......Page 199 Fortifications......Page 201 Wars and Battles......Page 202 6 RELIGION......Page 204 Japan’s Religious Traditions......Page 205 Common Characteristics......Page 206 Introduction......Page 207 Medieval and Early Modern Shinto......Page 208 Shinto Schools......Page 209 Shinto Rituals and Festivals......Page 210 Shinto Ritual Objects......Page 212 Shinto Deities......Page 214 Shinto Priesthood......Page 215 Shinto Shrines......Page 216 Introduction......Page 219 Medieval and Early Modern Japanese Buddhism......Page 220 Buddhist Schools......Page 222 Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and Buddhist Deities......Page 227 Buddhist Temples......Page 230 CHRISTIANITY......Page 234 ROLE OF WOMEN......Page 235 Christianity......Page 236 7 PHILOSOPHY, EDUCATION, AND SCIENCE......Page 238 PHILOSOPHY......Page 239 Neo-Confucian Philosophical Concepts......Page 240 Edo-Period Philosophical Schools......Page 241 Education in the Medieval Period......Page 244 Education in the Early Modern Period......Page 245 Edo-Period Schools......Page 246 SCIENCE......Page 248 Medicine......Page 249 Astronomy......Page 254 Geography......Page 255 Mathematics......Page 256 Science......Page 257 8 LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE......Page 258 Chinese Characters......Page 259 Kana Syllabaries......Page 260 Japanese Vocabulary......Page 263 Writing Styles......Page 264 Medieval Literature......Page 266 Early Modern Literature......Page 271 Literature......Page 277 9 PERFORMING ARTS......Page 280 INTRODUCTION......Page 281 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS......Page 282 MUSIC AND DANCE......Page 284 Characteristics of Traditional Japanese Music and Dance......Page 285 Music and Dance Traditions......Page 286 RELIGIOUS PERFORMING ARTS......Page 287 Buddhist......Page 288 Noh......Page 289 Kyogen......Page 292 Kabuki......Page 293 Bunraku......Page 296 STREET ENTERTAINERS AND STORYTELLERS......Page 298 Street Entertainers and Storytellers......Page 299 10 ART AND ARCHITECTURE......Page 300 Medieval Art and Architecture......Page 301 Early Modern Art and Architecture......Page 303 Sculpture......Page 304 Painting......Page 305 Ukiyo-e......Page 312 Ceramics......Page 315 Lacquerware......Page 318 Tea Ceremony Practice......Page 319 Tea Ceremony History......Page 320 Tea Utensils (chadogu)......Page 322 Role of Nature in the World of Tea......Page 323 Buddhist Architecture......Page 324 Shinto Architecture......Page 328 Domestic Architecture......Page 332 Architecture......Page 341 11 TRAVEL AND COMMUNICATION......Page 342 INTRODUCTION......Page 343 Modes of Land Travel and Communication......Page 344 Early Modern Road System......Page 345 Medieval Maritime Travel and Communication......Page 350 Early Modern Maritime Travel and Communication......Page 351 Examples of Boat and Ship Types......Page 352 Travel and Communication......Page 355 12 EVERYDAY LIFE......Page 356 Housework......Page 357 Children......Page 358 Furnishings......Page 359 Bedding......Page 360 Zabuton......Page 361 Divorce......Page 362 SEXUALITY......Page 363 Childbirth......Page 364 Dining Etiquette......Page 365 Cosmetics and Accessories......Page 367 Clothing......Page 368 Sports and Games......Page 370 FESTIVALS AND YEARLY RITUALS......Page 372 Festivals......Page 373 Yearly Rituals......Page 374 Suicide......Page 375 The Family......Page 376 Death and Dying......Page 377 MUSEUMS OUTSIDE JAPAN WITH NOTED JAPANESE ART COLLECTIONS......Page 378 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 380 INDEX......Page 400 The Organization Of Handbook To Life In Medieval And Early Modern Japan Follows That Of Other Books In The Series And Consists Of Chapters Divided Into Sections, Concluded By A Reading List. Coverage Includes History, Religion, Music, Art And Visual Culture, Architecture, Literature, International Relations, Economy, Travel, Education, And Everyday Life--provided By Publisher. William E. Deal. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 363-382) And Index. Introduces readers to the significant people and eventscultural, social, political, and historicalas well as the everyday experiences and elements of material culture from the beginning of the Kamakura period in 1185 through the end of the Edo period in 1868.