Handbook on Hospital Planning and Designing: For Medical Administrators, Architects, Planners and Students

This handbook is in reference to the book "Manual of Hospital Planning and Designing" which was earlier published by Springer Nature. This "Handbook on Hospital Planning and Designing" is a helpful guide that shows how to build an efficient healthcare project. Carefully planning and designing hospitals is essential to deliver and effective healthcare facilities. It's basically a mix of art, science, and caring. This book highlights the rooms, spaces, MEP service, safety, security, equipment, instruments, and other support services. This book is a summary of the essentials for designers and planners who want to design hospitals. Architects, designers, doctors, and people who are involved in the designing of hospital, will find it useful. It helps them make places that work well, look nice, and care for patients best. Setting up the hospital project is more than just building. It's about creating places where people get better and feel good. This book explores everything about planning and designing hospitals in the given chapters from the beginning, covering all the departments until the hospital is all set up. This book is helpful for experienced architects with new ideas, a healthcare worker who wants the best for patients, or a student who loves learning about hospitals. Preface Acknowledgement Introduction Contents About the Author Chapter 1: Phases of Planning and Designing Further Reading Section I: Planning Chapter 2: Inception of the Idea Further Reading Chapter 3: Factors Assessing Feasibility of the Hospital 3.1 Several Key Factors Need to Be Analyzed During the Planning Phase 3.1.1 Demographics 3.1.2 Understanding the Type of Diseases 3.1.3 Community 3.1.4 Healthcare Systems and Hospitals Network 3.1.5 Innovations in Facility Planning and Management 3.1.6 Speciality Facilities and Departments 3.1.7 Medical Tourism 3.1.8 Health Insurance and Empanelment 3.1.9 Catchment Area Further Reading Chapter 4: Preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) and Techno-Commercial Feasibility Report (TCFR) 4.1 Information to Be Generally Provided in DPR 4.2 Documents DPR Should Contain 4.3 General Contents of DPR 4.4 Evaluation of DPR Further Reading Chapter 5: Site Selection 5.1 Size of the Land Rquired for Hospital 5.2 Assessment of the Covered Area Required for Hospital 5.2.1 Total FAR Allowed 5.2.2 Set Back Area 5.2.3 Maximum Permissible Land Coverage 5.2.4 Maximum Permissible Height of Building 5.3 Some of the Other Factors to Be Considered While Finalising the Land Are 5.3.1 Approach to the Site 5.3.2 Location of the Land 5.3.3 Availability of Transportation 5.3.4 Security 5.3.5 Availability of Utilities 5.3.6 Road Network in the Area 5.3.7 Environmental Pollution 5.3.8 Wind and Earthquake 5.3.9 Flood Protection Further Reading Chapter 6: General Issues to Be Considered While Designing Hospital Building 6.1 Importance of Hospital Planning and Designing 6.2 Various General Issues Relating to the Hospital Designing 6.2.1 Flexibility and Expandability 6.2.2 Patient-Focused Design 6.2.3 Design for Employee Productivity 6.2.4 Accessibility to the Patient 6.2.5 Security and Safety 6.2.6 Sustainability of Resources 6.2.7 Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness 6.2.8 Adaptation of Technological Advancements 6.2.9 Stress and Fear of Patients and Visitors 6.2.10 Quality Care of Patients 6.2.11 Therapeutic Environment 6.2.12 Cleanliness and Sanitation 6.2.13 Noise Reduction 6.2.14 Minimizing Operative, Postoperative, and Hospital-Acquired Infections 6.2.15 Automation Wherever Possible 6.2.16 Environmental Pollution Control 6.2.17 Internal Road 6.2.18 Wind, Earthquake-Resistant and Flood Protection 6.2.19 Nature Plus Artwork 6.2.20 Colours to be Used 6.2.21 Choice of Building Materials 6.2.22 Flooring Further Reading Chapter 7: Area Requirement & Planning 7.1 Functional Areas 7.2 Room and Space Requirement 7.3 Sizes of the Rooms 7.4 Zoning 7.5 Placement of Zones in the Building Further Reading Chapter 8: Detailed Engineering Drawings 8.1 Schematic Design 8.2 Site Plan 8.3 Concept Drawings 8.4 Floor Plan Drawings 8.5 Cross Section Drawings 8.6 Elevation Drawings 8.7 Landscape Drawings 8.8 Finishing Drawing 8.9 Working Plan Drawings 8.10 Section Drawings 8.11 Structural Drawings 8.12 Column Layout Drawings 8.13 Plinth Beam Layout Drawings 8.14 Lintel Beam Layout Drawings 8.15 Roof Beam and Shuttering Layout Drawings 8.16 General Note 8.17 Excavation Drawings 8.18 Electrical Drawings 8.19 Plumbing Drawings 8.20 Fire Fighting and Detection Drawings 8.21 Shop Drawings 8.22 Furniture Layout Drawings 8.23 Furniture Design Drawings 8.24 Hospital Signage Drawings 8.25 As-Built Drawings 8.26 PERT Charts Further Reading Chapter 9: Preparation of Construction Documents 9.1 Definition of Construction Documents 9.2 Contents of Construction Document 9.2.1 General Information About the Hospital Project 9.2.2 Construction Contract Agreement 9.2.3 Scope of Work (SOW) 9.2.4 Construction Schedule 9.2.5 General Conditions 9.2.6 Special Conditions 9.2.7 Specifications 9.2.8 Bill of Quantities (BOQ) 9.2.9 Cost Estimate 9.2.10 Drawings 9.2.11 Other Documents Further Reading Section II: Design & Development Chapter 10: Design of the Main Entrance Gate to the Hospital 10.1 Main Entrance Gate Further Reading Chapter 11: Designing of the Entrance Lobby of the Hospital 11.1 Location of the Entrance Lobby 11.1.1 The Infrastructure of the Entrance Lobby 11.2 Services in the Lobby 11.3 Reception and Enquiry Counter 11.4 Help Desk, Registration, and Admission and Discharge Counters 11.5 Cash Counter 11.6 Cafeteria 11.7 Pharmacy 11.8 Other Services in the Entrance Lobby 11.9 Public Utility for Patients/Visitors 11.10 Prayer Room/Meditation Spaces 11.11 Self-Service Kiosks 11.12 Interiors of the Entrance Lobby 11.13 Entrance Gates to the Lobby 11.14 Signage and Wayfinding in the Lobby 11.15 Acrylic or Glass Partitions 11.16 General Issues Related to the Entrance Lobby 11.17 Outside Entrance Lobby 11.17.1 Screening Areas 11.17.2 Hand Wash/Sanitizer Stations 11.17.3 Face Masks/Shoe Covers Dispensers 11.18 Reduction of People Landing in the Entrance Lobby Further Reading Chapter 12: Emergency Services 12.1 Location of Emergency Department 12.2 Size of the Emergency Department 12.3 Areas Required for Emergency Department 12.4 The Entrance of the Emergency Department 12.4.1 Main Gate 12.4.2 Entrance Door to the Emergency Department 12.4.3 Outside Entrance Lobby 12.4.4 Screening Areas 12.4.5 Hand Wash/Sanitizer Stations and Face Mask Dispenser 12.4.6 Decontamination Area 12.4.7 General Waiting 12.4.8 Ambulance Control 12.5 Reception 12.6 Triage and Patient Handling Zone with Resuscitation 12.6.1 Location of Triage 12.6.2 Size of Triage 12.6.3 Infrastructure of Triage 12.6.4 Bed Layout in Triage 12.6.5 Patient Furniture/Office Furniture/Equipment/Tools and Instruments in Triage 12.6.6 Doors and Windows 12.6.7 Hand Washing 12.6.8 Central Medical Gas Supply 12.6.9 Electrical Points in Triage 12.6.10 Other Communication Points in Triage 12.6.11 Curtain Partitions 12.6.12 Triage Nurses Duty Rooms in Triage 12.7 Patient Handling Zone with Resuscitation 12.7.1 Location of Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.2 Categories of Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.3 Size of Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.4 Infrastructure of Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.5 Bed Layout in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.6 Isolation Room/Units/Area in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.7 Resuscitation Rooms in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.8 Patient Furniture/Office Furniture/Equipment/Tools and Instruments in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.9 Doors and Windows of Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.10 Hand Washing in Patient Handling Zone 12.7.11 Central Medical Supply in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.12 Electrical Points in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.13 Other Communication Points in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.14 Curtain Partitions in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones 12.7.15 Emergency Physician (EP)/Emergency Medical Officer (EMO) Duty Room 12.8 Treatment/Procedure Room/Minor Operation Theatre 12.8.1 Patient Furniture/Equipment/Tools and Instruments in Minor OT 12.8.2 Doors and Windows 12.8.3 Hand Washing 12.8.4 Central Medical Gas Supply 12.8.5 Electrical Points in Minor OT 12.9 Procedure and Diagnostic Setup 12.10 Emergency Operation Theatre Complex 12.11 Day Care Emergency/Observation Ward 12.11.1 Location of Emergency/Observation Ward 12.11.2 Size of Emergency/Observation Ward 12.11.3 Issues Related to the Infrastructure of Emergency/Observation Ward 12.11.4 Bed Layout in Emergency/Observation Ward 12.11.5 Isolation Room in the Emergency/Observation Ward 12.11.6 Patient Furniture/Office Furniture/Equipment/Tools and Instruments in Emergency/Observation Ward 12.11.7 Doors and Windows 12.11.8 Hand Washing 12.11.9 Central Medical Gas Supply 12.11.10 Electrical Points in Observation Ward 12.11.11 Other Communication Points in Observation Ward 12.11.12 Curtain Partitions 12.12 Other Issues Relating to Emergency Department 12.13 Disaster Plan 12.13.1 Factors for Disaster Plan Further Reading Chapter 13: Outpatient Department 13.1 Location of the OPD 13.2 Schemes of the Layout of the OPD 13.2.1 Single Corridor OPD 13.2.2 Double Corridor OPD 13.2.3 Clustered OPD Block 13.3 Infrastructure Requirements in the OPD 13.4 Reception & Enquiry Counter 13.5 Registration Counter 13.6 Waiting Lobby/Hall 13.7 Examination Rooms 13.8 Procedure/Treatment Rooms 13.9 Support Rooms 13.10 General Issue While Designing the OPD 13.11 Number of OPDs Required 13.12 Consultation Room 13.12.1 Size of the OPD Room 13.12.2 Doors and Windows 13.12.3 Hand Washing 13.12.4 Furniture 13.12.5 Instruments and Equipment 13.12.6 Electrical Points and Communication Ports in the Consultation Room 13.12.7 Curtain Partitions 13.13 Procedure/Treatment Room 13.13.1 Size of the Procedure/Treatment Room 13.13.2 Doors and Windows 13.13.3 Hand Washing 13.13.4 Furniture 13.13.5 Instruments and Equipment 13.13.6 Electrical Points and Communication Ports in Procedure/Treatment Room Further Reading Chapter 14: Intensive Care Units 14.1 Types of ICUs 14.2 Number of Beds in a Single Unit of ICU 14.3 Location of Intensive Care Units 14.4 Infrastructure of ICU 14.5 Size of the ICU 14.6 Sizing Considerations 14.7 Patient Care Zone 14.7.1 Bed Layout in ICU Hall 14.7.2 Isolation Room/Units/Area in ICU 14.7.3 Furniture in ICU 14.7.4 Equipment 14.7.5 Tools & Instruments 14.7.6 Doors and Windows 14.7.7 Nursing Station 14.7.8 Hand Washing 14.7.9 Toilets 14.7.10 Air Conditioning System of ICUs 14.7.11 Central Piped Medical Gas Supply 14.7.12 Electrical Points in ICU 14.7.13 Other Communication Points in ICU 14.7.14 Curtain Partitions 14.8 Procedure & Treatment Room 14.8.1 Location of Treatment/Procedure Room 14.8.2 Size of Treatment/Procedure Room 14.8.3 Issues Related to the Infrastructure of the Treatment/Procedure Room 14.8.4 Furniture in Treatment/Procedure Room 14.8.5 Equipment 14.8.6 Tools & Instruments 14.8.7 Doors and Windows 14.8.8 Hand Washing 14.8.9 Central Medical Gas Supply 14.8.10 Electrical Points in Treatment/Procedure Room 14.8.11 Other Communication Points in Treatment/Procedure Room 14.8.12 Other Issues on Patient Care Zone & Procedure/Treatment Room 14.8.13 Lighting in the ICU 14.8.14 Dialysis Equipment 14.8.15 Power Backup 14.9 Clinical Support Zone 14.9.1 Rigorous Monitoring 14.9.2 Radiology 14.9.3 Laboratory 14.9.4 Medication Rooms 14.9.5 Pneumatic Tube Systems (PTS) 14.9.6 Clean Utility 14.9.7 Dirty Utility/Sluice Room 14.9.8 Equipment Park/Store 14.9.9 Emergency Eyewash Station 14.10 Unit Support Zone 14.10.1 Change Room: Male/Female in ICU 14.10.2 Doctors’ Duty Rooms in ICU 14.10.3 Nurse’s Night Duty Rooms in ICU 14.10.4 Night Duty Room for On-Call Junior Doctors 14.10.5 Ward Pantry 14.10.6 Staff Lounge 14.11 Family Support Zone 14.11.1 Family Lounge 14.11.2 Consultation Rooms 14.11.3 Meditation Spaces 14.11.4 Family Cafeteria 14.11.5 Family Sleep Rooms 14.11.6 Family Laundry 14.12 Specialized Intensive Care Units 14.12.1 Intensive Coronary Care Unit 14.12.2 Respiratory Care Intensive Care Unit 14.12.3 Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit 14.12.4 Burns Unit 14.12.5 Geriatric Intensive Care Unit 14.12.6 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit 14.12.6.1 Location of NICU 14.12.6.2 The Infrastructure of the NICU 14.12.6.3 Placement of Warmers 14.12.6.4 Equipment of NICU 14.13 Common Design Considerations 14.13.1 Signage and Way-Finding 14.13.2 Security and Access Control 14.13.3 Patient Safety Technology 14.13.4 Communications 14.13.5 Storage 14.13.6 Relationships with Other Departments 14.13.7 Central Nursing Station 14.13.8 Patient Records 14.13.9 X-Ray Viewing Area 14.13.10 Reception Area 14.13.11 Administrative Offices Further Reading Chapter 15: Operation Theatre Suite 15.1 Location of Operating Theatre (O.T.) Complex 15.2 Zones in O.T. Complex 15.2.1 Unsterile Zone 15.2.2 Protective Zone 15.2.3 Clean Zone 15.2.4 Sterile Zone 15.3 Infrastructure of O.T. Complex 15.4 Unsterile Zone 15.4.1 Administrative Area 15.4.2 Operation Theatre In-Charge or Manager 15.4.3 Room for Head of Anaesthesia 15.4.4 Surgeons Room for Office Work 15.4.5 Trolley Bay 15.4.6 Frozen Section Biopsy Laboratory 15.4.7 Shoe Change Area 15.4.8 Entry Door for Changing Room 15.4.9 Waiting Area for Attendants 15.4.10 Public Utility for Attendants 15.4.11 Linen Pre-Wash Room 15.4.12 Instrument Wash Room 15.5 Protective Zone 15.5.1 Changing Rooms 15.5.2 Entry Gate of Pre-Operative Ward 15.5.3 Unsterile Store for Equipment Storage 15.5.4 Store for Medicines, Consumables and Disposables 15.5.5 Pantry 15.6 Clean Zone 15.6.1 Pre-Operative Room 15.6.2 Preparation Room 15.6.3 Surgeons Rest Room 15.6.4 Restroom for Staff – Males & Females 15.6.5 Exit Doors of All Change Rooms 15.6.6 Pre Anaesthetic Check-Up Room (PAC) 15.6.7 Dirty Utility 15.6.8 Post-Operative Recovery Ward 15.7 Sterile Zone 15.7.1 Clean Supply Room 15.7.2 Instrument Trolley Layup 15.7.3 Scrub Station 15.7.4 Sterilization Room 15.7.5 Operating Theatres/Rooms (OR) 15.7.6 Number of OR 15.7.7 Location and Layout of the OR’s 15.7.8 Types of Operating Rooms 15.8 Simple Room OR 15.9 Pre-Fabricated Modular OR 15.9.1 Size of the OR 15.9.2 Walls of the OR 15.9.3 Ceiling of the OR 15.9.4 Corners of OR 15.9.5 Door of the OR 15.9.6 Window in OR 15.9.7 Control Panel 15.9.8 View Box 15.9.9 Writing Board 15.9.10 Pressure Relief Damper (PRD) 15.9.11 Peripheral Lights 15.9.12 Plenum 15.9.13 Plenum Lights 15.9.14 Pass-Through Windows/Hatch Boxes 15.9.15 Electrical Points 15.9.16 Anaesthetist Pendant 15.9.17 Surgeon Pendant 15.9.18 Flooring 15.9.19 Painting 15.9.20 Air Conditioning & Environment of OR’s 15.9.21 Supply Air Ducts 15.9.22 Return Air 15.9.23 Special Air Requirements for OR 15.9.24 Other Communication Points in OR 15.9.25 Equipment in OR 15.9.26 Furniture OR 15.10 Septic Operation Theatre 15.11 Endoscopy Suite 15.11.1 Endoscopy Room 15.11.2 Endoscope Washroom 15.11.3 Store 15.11.4 Change Room 15.11.5 Recovery Room 15.11.6 Consultation Room 15.12 Semi-Modular OR 15.13 Modular OR 15.14 Hybrid OR Further Reading Chapter 16: Delivery Room/Labor Room 16.1 Location of LDR Complex 16.2 Zones in LDR Complex 16.2.1 Unsterile Zone 16.2.2 Protective Zone 16.2.3 Delivery Zone 16.3 Infrastructure of LDR Complex 16.4 Unsterile Zone 16.4.1 Administrative Area 16.4.2 Labor Room In-Charge 16.4.3 Gynaecologist Room for Office Work 16.4.4 Trolley Bay 16.4.5 Shoe Change Area 16.4.6 Entry Door for Changing Room 16.4.7 Waiting Area for Attendants 16.4.8 Public Utility for Attendants 16.4.9 Linen Pre-Wash Room 16.4.10 Instrument Wash Room 16.5 Protective Zone 16.5.1 Changing Rooms 16.5.2 Store for Equipment, Medicines, Consumables and Disposables 16.5.3 Pre-Labor Room/Ward 16.5.4 Eclampsia Room 16.5.5 Examination/Preparation Room 16.5.6 Surgeons Rest Room 16.5.7 Dirty Utility 16.5.8 Post-Labour Recovery Ward 16.5.9 Doctors’ Night Duty Rooms 16.6 Delivery Zone 16.6.1 Clean Supply Room 16.6.2 Instrument Trolley Layup 16.6.3 Scrub Station 16.6.4 Sterilization Room 16.6.5 Delivery Rooms 16.6.5.1 Number of Delivery Rooms 16.6.6 Location and Layout of the Delivery Rooms 16.6.7 Types of Delivery Rooms 16.6.8 Equipment in Delivery Rooms 16.6.9 Furniture Delivery Rooms 16.6.10 Other Issues Relating to the Delivery Room 16.6.11 Septic Delivery Room 16.7 Baby Resuscitation Area 16.8 Other Important Issues to Be Considered While Designing LDR 16.8.1 Labor Table Specifications 16.8.2 Shifting Baby to NICU 16.8.3 Access to the Operating Room 16.8.4 Electronic Tagging for Newborn Safety Further Reading Chapter 17: Intermediate Care Area (Patient Rooms) 17.1 Provide Amenities and Comfort for the Family 17.1.1 Family Lounge 17.1.2 Consultation Rooms 17.1.3 Meditation Spaces 17.1.4 Family Cafeteria 17.1.5 Family Sleep Rooms 17.1.6 Family Laundry 17.2 Increase Staff Efficiency 17.3 Patient Room Furnishings 17.3.1 Room Decor 17.3.2 Lighting in the Patient Room 17.3.3 Ceiling Finishes 17.4 Types of Patient Rooms in the Hospital 17.4.1 Single Bed Occupancy 17.4.2 Sharing Rooms 17.4.3 General Wards 17.4.4 Isolation Ward/Rooms 17.5 Infrastructure Details of the Indoor Patient Units- 17.6 Location of the Indoor Patient Areas 17.7 Zoning of the Isolation Areas 17.8 Single Patient Room (Private Room) 17.8.1 Room Layout 17.8.2 Size of the Room 17.8.3 Walls 17.8.3.1 Headwall 17.8.3.2 Footwall 17.8.4 Doors 17.8.5 Windows 17.8.6 Toilets 17.8.7 Bed Layout in Patient Room 17.8.8 Furniture and Instruments in the Patient Room 17.8.8.1 Patient Furniture 17.8.8.2 Other Furniture 17.8.8.3 Equipment 17.8.8.4 Tools and Instruments 17.8.9 Air Conditioning System of Patient Rooms 17.8.10 Central Piped Medical Gas Supply 17.8.11 Electrical Points in Patient Room 17.8.12 Other Communication Points in the Patient Room 17.8.13 Curtain Partitions 17.8.14 IV Track 17.8.15 Psychiatric Patient Rooms 17.9 Deluxe Single Patient Room (Deluxe Room) 17.10 Family Suite with Single Patient Room (Suite Room) 17.10.1 Patient Room of the Suite 17.10.2 Family Room of the Suite 17.11 Sharing Patient Room (Semi-Private Room) 17.11.1 Room Layout 17.11.2 Size of the Semi-Private Sharing Room 17.11.3 Doors and Windows 17.11.4 Toilets 17.11.5 Bed Layout in Patient Room 17.11.6 Furniture and Instruments in Patient Room 17.11.6.1 Patient Furniture 17.11.6.2 Other Furniture 17.11.6.3 Equipment 17.11.7 Air Conditioning and Other Services 17.12 General Ward (Multiple Beds Room) 17.12.1 Location of the Multiple Bed Wards 17.12.2 Room Layout 17.12.3 Number of Beds in the Multiple Bed Ward 17.12.4 Size of the Multiple Bed Ward 17.12.5 Doors and Windows 17.12.6 Toilets 17.12.7 Bed Layout in Ward 17.12.8 Furniture and Instruments in Patient Room 17.12.8.1 Patient Furniture 17.12.8.2 Other Furniture 17.12.9 Air Conditioning System of Patient Rooms 17.12.10 Central Piped Medical Gas Supply 17.12.11 Electrical Points in the Ward 17.12.12 Other Communication Points in Ward 17.12.13 Curtain Partitions 17.13 Isolation Rooms/Wards 17.13.1 Isolation in ICU 17.13.2 Single-Bed Isolation Rooms 17.13.3 Air and Pressure Monitoring System for Isolation Rooms 17.13.4 Pressurization of the Isolation Rooms 17.13.5 Air Conditioning of the Isolation Wards/Units 17.13.5.1 Supporting Room/Units for Indoor Patient Service 17.14 Nursing Station 17.14.1 Hand Washing 17.14.2 Alcohol Gel/Sanitizer Dispensers 17.15 Nurses Duty Rooms 17.16 Doctors Duty Rooms 17.17 Procedure and Treatment Room 17.17.1 Furniture in Treatment/Procedure Room 17.17.1.1 Patient Furniture 17.17.1.2 Equipment 17.17.1.3 Tools and Instruments 17.17.2 Doors and Windows 17.17.3 Hand Washing 17.17.4 Central Medical Gas Supply 17.17.5 Electrical Points in Treatment/Procedure Room 17.17.6 Other Communication Points in Treatment/Procedure Room 17.18 Clean Utility 17.19 Dirty Utility/Sluice Room 17.20 Store for Medicines, Consumables and Disposables 17.21 Medication Areas 17.22 Equipment Park/Store 17.23 Trolley Park Area 17.24 Ward Pantry Further Reading Chapter 18: Radiology 18.1 Location of the Radiology Department 18.2 Infrastructure of Centralized Radiology Department 18.3 Utility Area 18.3.1 Reception and Enquiry 18.3.2 Registration and Cash Counter 18.3.3 Waiting Lobby 18.3.4 Reporting Room 18.3.5 Stores for Unused Consumables and Films 18.3.6 Stores for Used Films and General Items 18.3.7 Report Delivery Counter 18.4 X-Ray Zone 18.4.1 Radiography Rooms 18.5 UltraSound Zone 18.5.1 Ultrasound Room 18.5.2 Change Rooms 18.5.3 Toilets 18.5.4 Sub Waiting for Ultrasound 18.6 CT Scan Zone 18.6.1 CT Scan Machine Room 18.6.2 CT Control Room 18.6.3 UPS Room 18.6.4 CT Panel Room 18.6.5 Change Rooms 18.6.6 Sub Waiting for CT Scan 18.7 MRI Zone 18.7.1 MRI Machine Room 18.7.2 MRI Control Room 18.7.3 UPS Room 18.7.4 MRI Panel Room 18.7.5 Chiller 18.7.6 Change Rooms 18.7.7 Sub Waiting for MRI 18.8 Mammography Zone 18.8.1 Mammography Rooms 18.8.2 Change Rooms 18.8.3 Computerised Radiography (CR) Room 18.8.4 Sub Waiting for Mammography 18.9 DEXA Scan Zone 18.9.1 DEXA Scan Machine Room 18.9.2 Sub Waiting for DEXA Scan 18.10 PET CT/MRI Zone 18.10.1 Location of the Zone in the Hospital 18.10.2 PET CT Scan Machine Room 18.10.3 PET MRI Machine Room 18.10.4 Other Attached Areas 18.10.5 SPECT CT Machine Room 18.10.6 Operating Console Rooms 18.10.7 Low-Risk Areas or Cold Areas 18.10.7.1 Reception 18.10.7.2 Sub Waiting Room 18.10.7.3 Physicians Consulting Room 18.10.7.4 Store 18.10.7.5 Technologist Room 18.10.8 High-Risk Areas or Radiation Exposure Hot Areas 18.10.8.1 Hot Lab Cum Radiopharmacy Room 18.10.8.2 Injection Room 18.10.8.3 Post-Dose Waiting Area 18.10.9 Toilet 18.10.10 Control and Scanning Room 18.10.11 Post-Examination Waiting Room 18.10.12 Waste Disposal Room Further Reading Chapter 19: Clinical Laboratories 19.1 Infrastructure of Clinical Lab 19.1.1 Planning & Designing of Laboratory 19.2 Size of the Lab 19.3 Layout 19.4 Spaces 19.5 Location & Arrangement of Areas 19.6 Open- Lab Designs 19.7 Biosafety 19.8 Molecular Testing 19.9 Laboratories 19.10 Pneumatic Tube Systems (PTS) 19.11 Clear Floor Space 19.12 Electrical Points in Laboratories 19.13 Other Communication Points in Laboratories 19.14 Air Conditioning System of Laboratories 19.15 Furniture in the Laboratories 19.16 Main Equipment in the Clinical Laboratories 19.17 Support Services 19.17.1 Autoclave 19.17.2 Bulk Storage Room 19.17.3 Cold Storage Room 19.17.4 RO Water Closet 19.17.5 Gas Storage Closet 19.17.6 Record/File/Copy Room 19.17.7 Flammable Storage 19.17.8 Specimen Storage/Recycle 19.17.9 Block and Slide Storage 19.17.10 Penta Head/Deca Head Microscope Room 19.18 Utility Area 19.18.1 Doctors Room 19.18.2 Laboratory Manager 19.18.3 Technicians Room 19.19 Outpatient Phlebotomy 19.19.1 OPD Phlebotomy Room 19.19.2 Fine Needle Aspiration Room 19.19.3 Toilets 19.19.4 Waiting Area 19.20 Employee Support 19.20.1 Staff Lounge 19.20.2 Lockers 19.20.3 Shower with Water Closet Further Reading Chapter 20: Blood Bank 20.1 Location of the Blood Bank in the Hospital 20.2 Controlling Authority 20.3 Functions of Blood Bank 20.3.1 Receiving 20.3.2 Storage 20.3.3 Testing 20.3.4 Distribution 20.4 Infrastructure of the Blood Bank 20.5 Area of Blood Bank 20.6 Equipment in the Blood Bank 20.7 Receiving Area 20.7.1 Entrance 20.7.2 Reception 20.7.3 Registration 20.7.4 Waiting 20.7.5 Medical Examination 20.7.6 Bleeding Room 20.7.7 Refreshment/Recovery/Rest Room 20.7.8 Apheresis Room 20.8 Testing Area 20.8.1 Laboratories 20.8.2 Wall 20.8.3 Flooring 20.8.4 Doors 20.8.5 Lightning 20.8.6 Earthing 20.8.7 Working Slabs 20.8.8 Sinks 20.8.9 Electrical Points in Laboratories 20.8.10 Other Communication Points in Laboratories 20.8.11 Air Conditioning System of Laboratories 20.8.12 Furniture in the Laboratories 20.8.13 Fittings and Fixtures 20.9 Storage & Processing Area 20.9.1 Storage of Untested Blood 20.9.2 Storage of Tested Blood 20.9.3 Blood Bank Refrigerators 20.9.4 Blood Component Room 20.9.4.1 Flooring 20.9.4.2 Doors 20.9.4.3 Electrical Requirements 20.9.4.4 Furniture in the Component Room 20.9.4.5 Electrical Points in the Component Room 20.9.4.6 Other Communication Points in Laboratories 20.9.4.7 Air Conditioning System of Component Room 20.9.5 Use of Wood 20.9.6 Fitting and Fixtures 20.10 Distribution Area 20.10.1 Pneumatic Tube Systems (PTS) 20.11 Utility Area 20.11.1 Change Room 20.11.2 Doctors Rest Rooms 20.11.3 Store 20.11.4 Record Room 20.11.5 Medical Officer Room 20.11.6 Sterilization Room Cum Washing Room 20.11.7 Waste Management and Disposal Further Reading Chapter 21: Other Investigation & Procedures 21.1 Coronary Catheterization (Cath Lab) 21.1.1 Location of the Cath Lab 21.1.2 Number of Cath Lab Procedure Rooms 21.1.3 Other Issues Related to Cath Lab 21.1.4 Cath Lab Console Room 21.1.5 UPS Room 21.1.6 Cath Lab Panel Room 21.1.7 Change Rooms for Patients 21.1.8 Change Rooms for Staff 21.1.9 Waiting for Cath Lab 21.1.10 Stores for Unused Consumable 21.1.11 Stores for Records and CDs 21.1.12 Consultation Rooms 21.2 Thallium Scan 21.3 Audiometry 21.3.1 Location of the Audiometry Room 21.3.2 Room Designing 21.4 Bronchoscopy 21.5 Capsule Endoscopy, Cholangioscopy, Colonoscopy, Duodenoscopy, Endoscopic Ultrasound & Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Etc. 21.6 Neurology 21.7 Polysomnography (Sleep Lab) 21.7.1 Location of the Sleep Lab 21.7.2 Room Designing 21.8 Ophthalmology 21.9 ESW Lithotripter of Urology 21.10 Dialysis 21.10.1 Location of the Dialysis Room 21.10.2 Dialysis Procedure Room 21.10.3 Other Issues of Dialysis Unit 21.10.4 Wash Room for Dialysers 21.10.5 Store 21.10.6 Change Rooms for Patients 21.10.7 Change Rooms for Staff 21.10.8 Waiting for Dialysis Further Reading Chapter 22: Radiation Therapy 22.1 Location of Radiotherapy Unit 22.2 Infrastructure of the Radiotherapy Department 22.3 Utility Areas 22.3.1 Entrance to the Department 22.3.2 Outside Entrance 22.3.3 Reception & Enquiry Counter 22.3.4 Registration Counter 22.3.5 General Waiting 22.3.6 Store 22.3.7 Consultation Room 22.4 Treatment & Planning Area 22.4.1 Mould Room 22.4.2 Mould Workshop 22.4.3 Medical Physics 22.4.4 CT Simulators 22.5 Radiation Therapy Treatment Area 22.5.1 External Beam Radiation Therapy 22.5.2 Internal Beam Radiation Therapy 22.6 Radiotherapy Ward 22.7 Trolley Bay 22.8 Change Rooms 22.9 Store 22.10 Signage and Wayfinding 22.11 Sub Waiting Lobbies 22.12 Clean Utility 22.13 Dirty Utility/Sluice Room 22.14 Hand Washing 22.15 Administration/Offices 22.16 Other Communication Points in the Radiation Department 22.17 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning 22.18 Central Piped Medical Gas Supply 22.19 Electrical Points in the Radiation Therapy Department 22.20 Power Backup Further Reading Chapter 23: Rehabilitation and Allied Health Therapies 23.1 Location of Physiotherapy Department 23.2 Infrastructure of the Physiotherapy Department 23.3 Entrance/Entrance Lobby 23.4 Reception 23.5 Waiting Areas 23.6 Examination Room with Exam Cubicles 23.7 Patient Therapy Areas 23.7.1 Physiotherapy 23.7.2 Occupational Therapy 23.8 Administrative Area 23.9 Store 23.10 Trolley Bay 23.11 Clean Utility 23.12 Dirty Utility/Sluice Room 23.13 Change Rooms 23.14 Other Issues About the Infrastructure of the Rehabilitation Department Further Reading Chapter 24: Pharmacy Unit 24.1 Location of the Pharmacy 24.2 Size of the Pharmacy 24.3 Infrastructure of Pharmacy 24.4 Pharmacy for Outpatients 24.4.1 Entrance 24.4.2 Drug Receiving Area 24.4.3 Disbursing Hall 24.4.4 Bulk Storage 24.4.5 Cold Store 24.4.6 Expiry Drug Room 24.4.7 Costly Drug Room 24.4.8 Drug Sorting Room 24.4.9 Narcotics and Controlled Drug Store 24.5 Pharmacy for Inpatients 24.6 Pneumatic Tube Systems (PTS) 24.7 Pharmacist Offices 24.8 Automation in the Pharmacy Further Reading Chapter 25: CSSD 25.1 Infrastructure of CSSD 25.2 Location 25.3 Area Required for CSSD Department 25.4 Material Flows 25.5 Functional Zones of CSSD 25.5.1 Receiving Zone (Unclean Area) 25.5.2 Decontaminating, Washing and Disinfecting Zone 25.6 Packaging Area 25.6.1 Location 25.6.2 Role of the Packing Room Shall Be 25.6.3 Contents of Packing Room 25.7 Sterilization Area 25.7.1 Location and Relationships 25.7.2 Main Activities of the Sterilization Process 25.7.3 Size of the Sterilization Room 25.7.4 Methods and Types of Sterilizers 25.7.4.1 Steam Sterilizers 25.7.4.2 Ethylene Oxide Gas Sterilizer (ETO) 25.7.4.3 Dry Heat Sterilizer 25.7.4.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Plasma Sterilizer 25.8 Clean Storage Area 25.8.1 Location of the Clean Storage Room 25.8.2 Designing of the Storage Shelves 25.9 Delivery Counter 25.10 Support Areas 25.10.1 Staff Changing Rooms 25.10.2 Administrative Area 25.11 Electrical Points 25.12 Air Conditioning Further Reading Chapter 26: Piped Medical Gas Supply System (MGPS) 26.1 System Components 26.2 Sources 26.3 Piping Networks 26.3.1 Pipeline Installation 26.3.2 Valves 26.3.3 Warning and Alarm Systems 26.3.4 Outlets and Inlets 26.3.5 Secondary Equipment 26.4 Designing the MGPS System 26.4.1 Analysis of the Area of the Hospital 26.5 Infrastructure for MGPS 26.6 Manifold Room 26.6.1 Location of the Manifold 26.6.2 Size of the Manifold Room 26.6.3 Fixing the Manifold Systems in the Hall/Room 26.7 Compressed Medical Air 26.7.1 Compressor Air Plant 26.7.2 Air Filtration 26.7.3 Medical Air 400 kPa 26.7.4 Surgical Air 700 kPa 26.8 Vacuum 26.8.1 Vacuum Plant 26.8.2 Filtration System 26.9 Issues While Designing the Plant Room and the Manifold Room 26.10 Medical Gases Outlet Terminals 26.11 Bulk Liquid Oxygen Gas System 26.11.1 Liquid Oxygen Vessel Further Reading Chapter 27: Hospital Kitchen 27.1 Infrastructure of Hospital Kitchen 27.2 Location of Hospital Kitchen 27.3 Size of the Kitchen 27.4 Entry 27.5 Change Rooms Cum Wash Areas 27.6 Receipt Area for Supplies 27.7 Storage Area 27.7.1 Bulk Storage 27.7.2 Fruit and Vegetable Store 27.7.3 Refrigeration, Cool Rooms, Freezers 27.7.4 Storage Areas for Dry Ration/Goods 27.8 Preparation Areas 27.9 Cooking Areas 27.10 Reheating Areas 27.11 Packing/Plating 27.12 Meal Trolley/Cart Parking 27.13 Food Distribution 27.14 Trolley Return/Stripping 27.15 Trolley/Cart Wash 27.16 Dishwashing 27.17 Pot Washing 27.18 Waste Disposal 27.19 Gas Storage Closet 27.20 Staff and Support Areas 27.21 Fixtures, Fittings and Equipment Further Reading Chapter 28: Laundry 28.1 Infrastructure of Laundry 28.2 Location of the Laundry 28.3 Size of the Unit 28.4 Dirty and Soiled Linen Generation 28.5 Dirty and Soiled Linen Interim Storage 28.6 Central Storage Area 28.7 Dirty Receipt 28.8 Sorting and Weighing 28.9 Washing Area 28.9.1 Loading and Washing 28.9.2 Extractors 28.9.3 Tumble Drying 28.9.4 Ironing 28.9.4.1 Pressing Machines 28.9.4.2 Calendar Dryer Irons 28.9.4.3 Flat Irons 28.10 Inspection and Repairing 28.11 Packaging and Storage 28.12 Dispatch Room 28.13 Trolley Washing 28.14 Store 28.15 Staff and Support Areas 28.16 Other Issues Relating to the Infrastructure of the Laundry 28.16.1 Infection Control 28.16.2 Airflow 28.16.3 Mechanical Ventilation 28.16.4 Hot-Air Extraction 28.16.5 Compressors 28.16.6 Steam 28.16.7 Water Supply, Heating, and Water Treatment Equipment 28.16.8 Fire Prevention and Detection 28.16.9 Communications Further Read